HISTORICAL RELATIONS OR A DISCOVERY Of the true causes why IRELAND Was never entirely Subdued nor brought under obedience OF THE CROWN OF ENGLAND UNTIL The beginning of the Reign of King James of happy memory By Sir John Davis Knight His Majesty's Attorney General of Ireland The third Edition corrected and amended Dublin Printed for Samuel Dancer Bookseller in Castlestreet 1666. THE PRINTER TO THE READER THE former Edition of this Book being rarely now to be got and much sought after by many for the worth thereof I procured from the Honourable Sir James Ware one of the former printed Books according to which I now publish this second Edition The Author of the Work was Sir John Davis a Learned man and an excellent Orator who for his great Abilities was by King James first made His Solicitor and afterwards his Attorney-General in this Kingdom of Ireland Which Place he discharged for divers years and having access to the Records from them for the most part as from the purest Fountains he gathered these his Observations A DISCOVERY OF THE True causes why Ireland was never entirely subdued and brought under obedience of the Crown of England until the beginning of His Majesty's happy Reign DUring the time of my Service in IRELAND which began in the first year of His Majesty's Reign I have visited also the Provinces of that Kingdom in sundry journeys and circuits Wherein I have observed the good Temperature of the Air the Fruitfulness of the Soil the pleasant and commodious seats for habitation the safe and large Ports and Havens lying open for Traffic into all the West parts of the World the long Inlets of many Navigable Rivers and so many great Lakes and fresh Ponds within the Land as the like are not to be seen in any part of Europe the rich Fishing and Wild Fowl of all kinds and lastly the Bodies and Minds of the people endued with extraordinary abilities of Nature THe observation whereof hath bred in me some curiosity to consider what were the true causes why this Kingdom whereof our Kings of England have borne the Title of Sovereign Lords for the space of four hundred and odd years a period of time wherein divers great Monarchies have risen from Barbarism to Civility and fallen again to ruin was not in all that space of time thoroughly subdued and reduced to Obedience of the Crown of England although there hath been almost a continual War between the English and the Irish and why the manners of the mere Irish are so little altered since the days of King Henry the second as appear by the description made by Giraldus Cambrensis who lived and wrote in that time albeit there have been since that time so many English Colonies planted in Ireland as that if the people were numbered at this day by the poll such as are descended of English race would be found more in number than the ancient Natives AND truly upon consideration of the conduct and passage of affairs in former times I find that the State of England ought to be cleared of an imputation which a vulgar error hath cast upon it in one point namely That Ireland long since might have been subdued and reduced to Civility if some Statesmen in policy had not thought it more fit to continue that Realm in Barbarism Doubtless this vulgar opinion or report hath no true ground but did first arise either out of Ignorance or out of Malice For it will appear by that which shall hereafter be laid down in this Discourse that ever since Our Nation had any footing in this Land the State of England did earnestly desire and I did accordingly endeavour from time to time to perfect the Conquest of this Kingdom but that in every age there were found such impediments and defects in both Realms as caused almost an impossibility that things should have been otherwise than they were Two main impediments of the conquest THe Defects which hindered the Perfection of the Conquest of Ireland were of two kinds and consisted first In the faint prosecution of the war and next In the looseness of the Civil Government For the Husbandman must first break the Land before it be made capable of good seed and when it is thoroughly broken and manured if we do not forthwith cast good seed into it it will grow wild again and bear nothing but weeds So a barbarous Country must be first broken by a war before it will be capable of good Government and when it is fully subdued and conquered if it be not well planted and governed after the Conquest it will eft soons return to the former Barbarism TOuching the carriage of the Martial affairs The faint prosecution of the war from the seventeenth year of King Henry the second when the first overture was made for the Conquest of Ireland I mean the first after the Norman Conquest of England until the nine and thirtieth year of Queen ELIZABETH when that Royal Army was sent over to suppress Tirones Rebellion which made in the end an universal and absolute conquest of all the Irishrie It is most certain that the English forces sent hither or raised here from time to time were ever too weak to subdue and master so many warlike Nations or Septs of the Irish as did possess this Island and besides their weakness they were Ill paid and worse Governed And if at any time there came over an Army of competent strength and power it did rather terrify than break and subdue this people being ever broken and dissolved by some one accident or other before the perfection of the Conquest What is a perfect Conquest FOR that I call a Perfect Conquest of a Country which doth reduce all the people thereof to the Condition of Subjects and those I call Subjects which are governed by the ordinary Laws and Magistrates of the Sovereign For though the Prince doth bear the Title of Sovereign Lord of an entire Country as our Kings did of all Ireland yet if there be two third parts of that Country wherein he cannot punish Treasons Murders or Thefts unless he send an Army to do it if the Jurisdiction of his ordinary Courts of Justice doth not extend into those parts to protect the people from wrong and Oppression if he have no certain Revenue no Escheates or Forfeitures out of the same I cannot justly say that such a Country is wholly conquered FIrst then How the war hath been prosecuted since the 17 year of Henry the second That we may judge and discern whether the English Forces in Ireland were at any time of sufficient strength to make a full and final Conquest of that Land let us see what extraordinary Armies have been transmitted out of England thither and what ordinary Forces have been maintained there and what service they have performed from time to time since the seventeenth year of King Henry the second IN that year In the time of Henry the second Mac Murugh Lord of Leinster being oppressed by the Lords of Meath and Connaught and expelled out of his Territory moved King Henry the second to invade Ireland and made an overture unto him for the obtaining of the Sovereign Lordship thereof The King refused to undertake the War himself to avoid the charge as King Henry the seventh refused to undertake the discovery of the Indies for the same cause but he gave licence by His Letters Patents Giraldus Cambrensis that such of his Subjects might pass over into Ireland as would at their own charge become adventurers in that enterprise The first attempt but an adventure of private Gentlemen SO as the first attempt to conquer this Kingdom was but an adventure of a few private Gentlemen Fitz-Stephen and Fitz-Gerald first broke the ice with a party of three hundred ninety men The Earl Strongbow followed them with twelve hundred more whose good success upon the Seacoasts of Leinster and Monster drew over the King in person the next year after cum quingentis Militibus With what forces the King himself come over as Giraldus Cambrensis reporteth who was present in Ireland at that time Which if they were but five hundred Soldiers seemeth too small a train for so great a Prince But admit they were five hundred Knights yet because in those days every Knight was not a Commander of a Regiment or Company Archiu Remem Regis apud West but most of them served as private men sometimes a hundred Knights under a Spear as appeareth by the Lists of the ancient Armies we cannot conjecture his army to have been so great as might suffice to conquer all Ireland being divided into so many Principalities and having so many Hydra's heads as it had at that time For albeit Tacitus in the life of Agricola doth report that Agricola having subdued the greatest part of Great Britain did signify to the Senate of Rome that he thought Ireland might also be conquered with one Legion and a few aids I make no doubt but that if he had attempted the conquest thereof with a far greater army he would have found himself deceived in this conjecture For a Barbarous Country is not so easily conquered as a Civil whereof Caesar had experience in his Wars against the Gauges Germans and Britain's who were subdued to the Roman Empire with far greater difficulty than the rich Kingdoms of Asia And again a Country possessed with many petty Lords and States is not so soon brought under entirely as an entire Kingdom Governed by one Prince or Monarch And therefore the late King of Spain could sooner win the Kingdom of Portugal than reduce the States of the Low-Countries What manner of Conquest K. Henry the second made of Ireland BUt let us see the success of King Henry the Second doubtless his expedition was such as he might have said with Caesar veni vidi vici For upon his first arrival his very Presence without drawing his Sword prevailed so much as all the Petty-Kings or great Lords within Leinster Conaght and Monster submitted themselves unto him promised to pay him tribute and acknowledged him their chief and Sovereign Lord Besides the better to assure this inconstant Sea-Nymph who was so easily won the Pope would needs give her unto him with a Ring Conjugio jungam stabili propriamque dicabo But as the Conquest was but slight and superficial so the Pope's Donation and the Irish Submissions were but weak and fickle assurances For as the Pope had no more Interest in this Kingdom than He which offered to Christ all the Kingdoms of the earth so the Irish pretend That by their Law a Tanist might do no act that might bind his successor But this was the best assurance he could get from so many strong Nations of people with so weak a power and yet he was so well pleased with this title of the Lordship of Ireland as he placed it in his Royal Style before the Dutchies of Normandy and Aquitain And so being advertised of some stirs raised by his unnatural Sons in England within five months after his first arrival he departed out of Ireland without striking one blow or building one Castle or planting one Garrison among the Irish neither left he behind him one true subject more than those he found there at his coming over which were only the English Adventurers spoken of before who had gained the Port Towns in Leinster and Monster and possessed some scopes of Land thereunto adjoining partly by Strongbow's alliance with the Lord of Leinster and partly by plain invasion and Conquest And this is that Conquest of King Henry the second so much spoken of by so many Writers which though it were in no other manner than is before expressed yet is the entire Conquest of all Ireland attributed unto him But the troth is the conquest of Ireland was made by piece and piece by slow steps and degrees and by several attempts in several ages There were sundry revolutions as well of the English fortunes as of the Irish somewhiles one prevailing somewhiles the other and it was never brought to a full period till his Majesty that now is came to the Crown As for King Henry the second he was far from obtaining that Monarchy Royal and true Sovereignty which His Majesty who now reigneth hath over the Irish For the Irish Lords did only promise to become Tributaries to King Henry the Second And such as pay on●y Tribute though they be placed by Bodin Bodin de Repub. in the first degree of Subjection are not properly Subjects but Sovereigns For though they be less and inferior unto the Prince to whom they pay Tribute yet they hold all other points of Sovereignty and having paid their Tribute which they promised to have their peace they are quit of all other duties as the same Bodin writeth And therefore though King Henry the second had the title of Sovereign Lord over the Irish yet did he not put those things in execution which are the true marks and differences of Sovereignty FOr to give Laws unto a people The true marks of Sovereignty to institute Magistrates and Officers over them to punish and pardon Malefactors to have the sole authority of making war and peace and the like are the true marks of Sovereignty which K. Henry the second had not in the Irish countries but the Irish Lords did still retain all these prerogatives to themselves For they governed their people by the Brehon Law they made their own Magistrates and Officers they pardoned and punished all Malefactors within their several Countries they made war and peace one with another without controlment and this they did not only during the Reign of King Henry the Second but afterwards in all times even until the Reign of Queen Elizabeth and it appeareth what manner of Subjects these Irish Lords were by the Concord made between King Henry the Second and Roderick o Connor the Irish King of Conaght in the year 1175. Hoveden in Henrico secundo fol. 312. which is recorded by Hoveden in this form Hic est finis & Concordia inter Dominum regem Angliae Henricum filium Imperatricis & Rodoricum Regem Conactae scilicet quod Rex Angliae concessit praedict' Roderigo Ligeo homini suo ut sit Rex sub eo paratus ad servitium suum ut homo suus etc. And the Commission whereby King Henry the Second made William Fitz-Adelme his Lieutenant of Ireland hath this direction Archiepiscopis Episcopis Regibus Comitibus Baronibus & omnibus fidelibus suis in Hibernia Salutem Whereby it is manifest that he gave those Irish Lords the Title and stile of Kings King John likewise did grant divers Charters to the King of Conaght 6 Johannis Claus membrana 18.17 Johannis Chart. m. 3. 6. Hen. 3. chart m. 2. which remain in the Tower of London And afterwards in the time of King Henry the Third we find in the Tower a grant made to the King of Thomond in these words Rex Regi Tosmond salutem Concessimus vobis terram Tosmond quam prius tenuistis per firmam centum & triginta marcarum Tenendum de nobis usque ad aetatem nostram And in the pipe Rolls remaining in Bremighams' Tower in the Castle of Dublin upon sundry Accounts of the Seneschal of Ulster when that Earldom was in the King's hands Archiu in Castro Dublin by reason of the minority of the Earl the entry of all such charges as were made upon Oneale for Rent-Beeves or for aids towards the maintenance of the King's wars ●2 Hen. 3. Co●po●●● Will de la Zouch 36. H●n 3. ●om●●tus Huberti de Rouly are in this form Oneal Regulus 400. vaccas pro arreragio Reddit Oneal Regulus 100 ●i de Auxilio Domini Regis ad guerram suam in Wasconia sustinendam And in one Roll the 36. of Henry the third Oneal Rex 100 li. de auxilio Domini Regis ad guerram suam in Wallia sustinendam Which seemed strange to me that the King's civil Officer should give him that stile upon Record unless he meant it in that sense as Maximilian the Emperor did when speaking of his disobedient Subjects The Title said he of Rex Regum doth more properly belong to me than to any mortal Prince for all my Subjects do live as Kings they obey me in nothing but do what they list And truly in that sense these Irish Lords might not unfitly be termed Kings But to speak in proper terms we must say with the Latin Poet Qui rex est Regnum maxime non habeat But touching these Irish Kings I will add this note out of an ancient Manuscript the black book of Christ-Church in Dublin Isti Reges non fuerunt ordinati solemnitate alicujus ordinis nec unctionis Sacramento nec jure haereditario vel aliqua proprietatis successione sed vi & armis quilibet Regnum suum obtinuit and therefore they had no just cause to complain when a stronger King than themselves became a King and Lord over them But let us return to our purpose and see the proceeding of the Martial affairs King Henry the second How the war● was prosecuted in the time of King John Giraldus Cambrensis being returned into England gave the Lordship of Ireland unto the Lord John his youngest son sur-named before that time Sans Terre And the Pope confirming that gift sent him a Crown of Peacocks feathers as Pope Clement the eighth sent the Feather of a Phoenix as he called it to the Traitor Tirone This young Prince the King's Son being but twelve years of age with a train of young Noblemen and Gentlemen to the number of 300. but not with any main army came over to take possession of his new Patrimony and being arrived at Waterford divers Irish Lords who had submitted themselves to his father came to perform the like duty to him But that youthful company using them with scorn because their demeanours were but rude and barbarous Giraldus Cambrensis they went away much discontented and rraised a general rebellion against him Whereby it was made manifest that the Submission of the Irish Lords and the Donation of the Pope were but slender and weak assurances for a Kingdom Hereupon this young Lord was revoked and Sir John de Courcy sent over not with the King's Army but with a company of Voluntaries in number four hundred or thereabout With these he attempted the conquest of Ulster and in four or five encounters did so beat the Irishry of that Province Geraldus Cambrensis as that he gained the Maritime Coasts thereof from the Boyne to the Bann and thereupon was made Earl of Ulster So as now the English had gotten good footing in all the Provinces of Ireland In the first three Provinces of Leinster Monster and Conaght part by the Sword and part by submission and alliance And lastly in Ulster by the invasion and victories of Sir John de Courcy From this time forward until the seventeenth year of King John which was a space of more than 30. years there was no army transmitted out of England to finish the Conquest Howbeit in the mean time the English Adventurers and Colonies already planted in Ireland did win much ground upon the Irish Namely the Earl Strongbow having married the Daughter of Mac Murrogh in Leinster the Lacies in Meth the Geraldines and other Adventurers in Monster the Audleyes Gernons Clinton's russel's and other Voluntaries of Sir John the Courcies' retinue in Ulster and the Bourkeses planted by William Fitz-Adelme in Conaght Yet were the English reputed but Part-Owners of Ireland at this time as appeareth by the Commission of the Pope's Legate in the time of King Richard the first whereby he had power to exercise his Jurisdiction in Anglia Wallia ac illis Hiberniae partibus Matth. Pacis in Richardo primo ●● 15 19 in quibus Johannes Moretonii Comes potestatem habet & dominium as it is recorded by Mat. Paris King John in the twelfth year of his Reign came over again into Ireland the Stories of that time say with a great army but the certain numbers are not recorded yet it is credible in regard of the troubles wherewith this King was distressed in England that this army was not of sufficient strength to make an entire Conquest of Ireland Matth. Paris and if it had been of sufficient strength yet did not the King stay a sufficient time to perform so great an action for he came over in June and returned in September the same year Howbeit in that time the Irish Lords for the most part submitted themselves to him as they had done before to his Father which was but a mear mockery and imposture For his back was no sooner turned but they returned to their former Rebellion and yet this was reputed a second Conquest And so this King giving order for the building of some Castles upon the Borders of the English Colonies left behind him the Bishop of Norwich for the civil Government of the Land but he left no standing army to prosecute the conquest only the English Colonies which were already planted were left to themselves to maintain what they had got and to gain more if they could The personal presence of these two great Princes King Henry the second and King John though they performed no great thing with their armies gave such countenance to the English Colonies which increased daily by the coming over of new Voluntaries and Adventurers out of England as that they enlarged their Territories very much Howbeit after this time the Kings of England either because they presumed that the English Colonies were strong enough to root out the Irish by degrees or else because they were diverted or disabled otherwise as shall be declared hereafter never sent over any Royal army or any numbers of men worthy to be called an army into Ireland until the thirty sixth year of King Edward the third when Lionel Duke of Clarence the King's second Son having married the Daughter and Heir of Ulster was sent over with an extraordinary power in respect of the time for the wars betwixt England and France were then in their heat as well to recover his Earldom of Ulster which was then overrun and possessed by the Irish as to reform the English Colonies which were become strangely degenerate throughout the whole Kingdom FOr though King Henry the Third gave the whole Land of Ireland to Edward the Prince This Charter yet remaineth perfect with an entire Seal in the treasury at Westminster Archiu in Castro Dublin & Archiu Turr. 52● Hen. 3 patent m. 9 his eldest Son and his Heirs Ita quod non Separetur a Corona Angliae Whereupon it was styled the Land of the Lord Edward the King's eldest Son and all the Officers of the Land were called the Officers of Edward Lord of Ireland and though this Edward were one of the most active Princes that ever lived in England yet did he not either in the life time of his father or during his own Reign come over in person or transmit any army into Ireland but on the other side he drew sundry aids and supplies of men out of Ireland to serve him in his wars in Scotland Wales and Gascoigne And again though King Edward the Second sent over Piers Gaveston with a great retinue it was never intended he should perfect the Conquest of Ireland for the King could not want his company so long a time as must have been spent in the finishing of so tedious a work So then in all that space of time How the martial affairs were carried from the 12 year of King John to the 36. year of King Edward the Third between the twelfth year of King John and the 36. year of King Edward the Th●rd containing 150. years or thereabouts although there were a continual bordering war between the English and the Irish there came no Royal Army out of England to make an end of the War But the chief Governors of the Realm who were at first called Custodes Hiberniae and afterwards Lords Justices and the English Lords who had gotten so great possessions and Royalties as that they presumed to make war and peace without direction from the State did levy all their forces within the land But those forces were weakly supplied and ill governed as I said before Weakly supplied with men and Money and governed with the worst Discipline that ever was seen among men of war And no marvel for it is an infallible rule that an army ill paid is ever unruly and ill governed The standing forces here were seldom or never reinforced out of England and such as were either sent from thence or raised here did commonly do more hu●t and damage to the English Subjects than to the Irish enemies by their continual Sess and Extortion Which mischief did arise by reason that little or no Treasure was sent out of England to pay the soldiers wages Only the King's revenue in Ireland was spent and wholly spent in the public service and therefore Archiu in Castro Dublin in all the ancient Pipe-Rols in the times of Henry the Third Edward the first Edward the second and Edward the third between the Receipts and allowances there is this entry In Thesauro nihil For the Officers of the State and the Army spent a●l so as there was no surplusage of Treasure and yet that All was not sufficient For in default of the Kings pay as well the ordinary Forces which stood continually as the extraordinary which were levied by the chief Governor upon journeys and general hoasting were for the most part laid upon the poor subject descended of English race howbeit this burden was in some measure tolerable in the time of King Henry the third and King Edward the first but in the time of King Edward the second Maurice fitz-Thomas of Desmond being chief Commander of the Army against the Scots began that wicked extortion of Coin and Livery and pay that is He and his Army took Horse meat and Man's meat and money Stat. 10. H. 7. c. 4. rot Parliam in Castro Dublin at their pleasure without any Ticket or other satisfaction And this was after that time the general fault of all the Governors and Commanders of the Army in this Land Only the Golden saying of Sir Thomas Rookesby annal Hiberniae in Camden who was Justice in the thirtieth year of King Edward the third is recorded in all the Annals of this Kingdom That he would eat in wooden dishes but would pay for his meat Gold and Silver Besides the English Colonies being dispersed in every Province of this Kingdom were enforced to keep continual guards upon the Borders and Marches round about them which Guards consisting of idle Soldiers were likewise imposed as a continual burden upon the poor Engglish Freeholders whom they oppressed and impoverished in the same manner Baron Finglas Manus Stat. 10. H 7. cap. 4. Rot. Parli in Castro Dublin And because the great English Lords and Captains had power to impose this charge when and where they pleased many of the poor Freeholders were glad to give unto those Lords a great part of their Lands to hold the rest free from that extortion And many others not being able to endure that intolerable oppression did utterly quit their freeholds and returned into England By this mean the English Colonies grew poor and weak though the English Lords grew rich and mighty for they placed Irish Tenants upon the Lands relinquished by the English upon them they levied all Irish exactions with them they married and fostered and made Gossips so as within one age the English both Lords and Freeholders became degenerate and mere Irish in their Language in their apparel in their arms and manner of fight and all other Customs of life whatsoever By this it appeareth why the extortion of Coin and Livery Stat. 11. H. 4. c. 6. Baron Finglas M. S. is called in the old Statutes of Ireland A damnable custom and the imposing and taking thereof made High Treason And it is said in an ancient Discourse Of the Decay of Ireland that though it were first invented in Hell yet if it had been used and practised there as it hath been in Ireland it had long since destroyed the very Kingdom of Belzebub In this manner was the War of Ireland carried before the coming over of Lionel Duke of Clarence This young Prince being Earl of Ulster and Lord of Conaght in right of his wife who was daughter and Heir of the Lord William Bourk the last Earl of Ulster of that Family slain by treachery at Knockefergus was made the King's Lieutenant of Ireland The Army transmitted with Lionel Duke of Clarence the 36 of Edw. 3. Archiu Remem Regis apud Westm. and sent over with an Army in the six and thirtieth year of King Edward the third The Roll and List of which Army doth remain of Record in the King's Remembrancers Office in England in the press de Rebus tangentibus Hiberniam and doth not contain above fifteen hundred men by the Poll which because it differs somewhat f●om the manner of this age both in respect of the Command and the Entertainment I think it not impertinent to take a brief view thereof The Lord Lionel was General and under him Raulf Earl of Stafford James Earl of Ormond Sir John Carew Banneret Sir William Windsor and other Knights were Commanders The entertainment of the General upon his first arrival was but six shillings eight pence per diem for himself for five Knights two shillings a piece per diem for sixty four Esquires twelve pence a piece per diem for 70 Archers six pence a piece per diem But being shortly after created Duke of Clarence which honour was conferred upon him being here in Ireland his entertainment was raised to thirteen shillings four pence per diem for himself and for eight Knights two shillings a piece per diem with an increase of the number of his Archers viz. three hundred and sixty Archers on horseback out of Lancashire at six pence a piece per diem and twenty three Archers out of Wales at two pence a piece per diem The Earl of Staffords entertainment was for himself six shillings eight pence per diem for a Banneret four shillings per diem for seventeen Knights two shillings a piece per diem for seventy eight Esquires twelve pence a piece per diem for one hundred Archers on Horseback six pence a piece per diem Besides he had the command of four and twenty Archers out Staffordshire forty Archers out of Worcestershire and six Archers out of Shropshire at four pence a piece per diem The entertainment of James Earl of Ormond was for himself four shillings per diem for two Knights two shillings a piece per diem for seven and twenty Esquires twelve pence a piece per diem for twenty Hoblers armed the Irish Horsemen were so called because they served on Hobbies six pence a piece per diem and for twenty Hoblers not armed four pence a piece per diem The entertainment of Sir John Carew Banneret was for himself four shillings per diem for one Knight two shillings per diem for eight Esquires twelve pence a piece per diem for ten Archers on Horseback six pence a piece per diem The entertainment of Sir William Winsore was for himself two shillings per diem for two Knights two shillings a piece per diem for forty nine Squires twelve pence a piece per diem for six Archers on Horseback six pence a piece per diem The like entertainment rateably were allowed to divers Knights and Gentlemen upon that List for themselves and their several retinues whereof some were greater and some less as they themselves could raise them among their Tenants and Followers FOr in ancient times The manner of levying Soldier's informer ages the King himself did not levy his Armies by his own immediate Authority or Commission but the Lords and Captains did by Indenture Covenant with the King to serve him in his Wars with certain numbers of men for certain wages and entertainments which they raised in greater or less numbers as they had favour or power with the people This course hath been changed in latter times upon good reason of State For the Barons and Chief Gentlemen of the Realm having power to use the King's Prerogative in that point became too popular whereby they were enabled to raise Forces even against the Crown itself which since the Statutes made for levying and mustering of Soldiers by the King's special Commission t●ey cannot so easily perform if they should forget their duties What service Lionel Duke of Clarence performed THis Lord Lieutenant with this small Army performed no great service and yet upon his coming over all men who had Land in Ireland were by Proclamation remanded back out of England thither and both the Clergy and Laity of this Land Archiu Tur. 36. Edw. 3 Claus m. 21. in dorso & m. 30. gave two years' profits of all their Lands and Tithes towards the maintenance of the War here only he suppressed some Rebel's in low Leinster and recovered the Maritime parts of his Earldom of Ulster But his best service did consist in the well-governing of his Army and in holding that famous Parliament at Kilkenny wherein the extortion of the Soldier and the degenerate manners of the English briefly spoken of before were discovered and Laws made to reform the same which shall be declared more at large hereafter ●●r Will Windsor Lieutenant 47 Ed. 3. his forces & service THe next Lieutenant transmitted with any Forces out of England was Sir William Winsore who in the 47 year of King Edward the third undertook the Custody not the Conquest of this Land for now the English made rather a Defensive than an Invasive war and withal to defray the whole charge of the Kingdom for eleven thousand two hundred thirteen pounds six shillings and eight pence as appeareth by the Indenture between him and the King remaining of Record in the Tower of London 47 Ed: 3. Claus m. 1. But it appeareth by that which Froissard reporteth that Sir William Winsore was so far from subduing the Irish as that himself reported Stow in Rich 2. That he could never have access to understand and know their Countries albeit he had spent more time in the service of Ireland than any Englishman then living AND here I may well take occasion The state of the revenue of Ireland in the time of Edw. 3. to show the vanity of that which is reported in the Story of Walsingham touching the Revenue of the Crown in Ireland in the time of King Edward the third For he setting forth the state of things there in the time of King Richard the second writeth thus Cum Rex Angliae illusiris Walsingham in Rich. 2. Edwardus tertius illic posuisset Bancum suum atque Judices cum Scaccario percepit inde ad Regalem Fis●um annuatim triginta millia librarum modò propter absentiam ligeorum & hostium potentiam nihil inde venit sed Rex per annos singulos de suo Marsupio terrae defensoribus solvit Triginta millia marcarum ad regni sui dedecus & fisci gravissimum detrimentum If this Writer had known that the King's Courts had been established in Ireland more than a hundred years before King Edward the third was born or had seen either the Parliament Rolls in England or the Records of the Receipts and Issues in Ireland he had not left this vain report to posterity For both the Benches and the Exchequer were erected in the twelfth year of King John Archiu Turr. 11 H. 3. patent m. 3. 21 Ed. 3. m. 41. And it is recorded in the Parliament Rolls of 21 of Edward the third remaining in the Tower that the Commons of England made petition that it might be enquired why the King received no benefit of his Land of Ireland considering he possessed more there than any of his Ancestors had before him Now if the King at that time when there were no standing Forces maintained there had received Thirty thousand pound yearly at his Exchequer in Ireland he must needs have made profit by that Land considering that the whole charge of the Kingdom in the 47 year of Edward the third when the King did pay an Army there did amount to no more than Eleven thousand and two hundred pounds per annum 47 Ed. 3. claus pers 2. m. 24. & 26. as appeareth by the Contract of Sir William Winsore Besides it is manifest by the Pipe-Rolls of that time whereof many are yet preserved in Breminghams' Tower and are of better credit than any Monk's story Archiu in Castro Dublin that during the Reign of King Edward the third the Revenue of the Crown of Ireland both certain and casual did not rise unto Ten thousand pound per annum though the Medium be taken of the best seven years that are to be found in that King's time Holinshed in R. 2. The like Fable hath Holinshed touching the Revenue of the Earldom of Ulster which saith he in the time of King Richard the second was thirty thousand Marks by the year whereas in truth though the Lordships of Conaght and Meath which were then parcel of the inheritance of the Earl of Ulster be added to the account the Revenue of that Earldom came not to the third part of that he writeth For the Account of the profits of Ulster yet remaining in Breminghams' Tower made by William fitz-Warren Archiu in Castro Dublin 5 Edw 3. Seneshal and farmer of the Lands in Ulster seized into the King's hands after the death of Walter de Burgo Earl of Ulster from the fifth year of Edward the third until the eight year do amount but to nine hundred and odd pounds at what time the Irishry had not made so great an invasion upon the Earldom of Ulster as they had done in the time of King Richard the second As vain a thing it is that I have seen written in an ancient Manuscript touching the Customs of this Realm in the time of King Edward the third that those duties in those days should yearly amount to Ten thousand Marks which by mine own search and view of the Records here I can justly control For upon the late reducing of this ancient Inheritance of the Crown which had been detained in most of the Port-Towns of this Realm for the space of a hundred years and upwards I took some pains according to the duty of my place to visit all the Pipe-Rolls wherein the Accounts of Customs are contained and found those duties answered in every Port for two hundred and fifty years together but did not find that at any time they did exceed a thousand pound per annum and no marvel for the subsidy of Pondage was not then known and the greatest profit did arise by the Cocquet of Hides for Wool and Woolfels were ever of little value in this Kingdom But now again let us see how the Martial affairs proceeded in Ireland Sir William Windsor continued his government till the latter end of the Reign of King Edward the third keeping but not enlarging the English borders How the war proceeded in the time of King Richard the second 3 Rich. 2. Archiu Tur Rot. Parl. 42. IN the beginning of the Reign of King Richard the second the State of England began to think of the recovery of Ireland For than was the first Statute made against Absentes commanding all such as had Land in Ireland to return and reside thereupon upon pain to forfeit two third parts of the profit thereof Again this King before himself intended to pass over committed the Government of this Realm to such great Lords successively as he did most love and favour First to the Earl of Oxford and chief Minion whom he created Marquis of Dublin and Duke of Ireland next to the Duke of Surry his half Brother and lastly to the Lord Mortimer Earl of March and Ulster his Cousin and Heir apparent Pat. 2. pars 9 Rich. 2. m. 24. Among the Patent Rolls in the Tower the ninth year of Richard the second we find five hundred men at Arms at twelve pence a piece per diem and a thousand Archers at six pence a piece per diem appointed for the Duke of Ireland Super Conquestu illius terrae per duos annos For those are the words of that Record But for the other two Lieutenants I do not find the certain numbers whereof their Armies did consist But certain it is that they were scarce able to defend the English borders much less to reduce the whole Island For one of them namely the Earl of March was himself slain upon the borders of Meath for revenge of whose death the King himself made his second voyage into Ireland in the last year of his Reign For his first voyage in the eighteenth year of his Reign which was indeed a Voyage-Royal was made upon another motive and occasion which was this Walsingham in Rich. 2. Upon the vacancy of the Empire this King having married the King of Bohemiahs' Daughter whereby he had great alliance in Germany did by his Ambassadors solicit the Prince's Electors to choose him Emperor Annals Tho. Otterbourne Manuscript but another being elected and his Ambassadors returned he would needs know of them the cause of his repulse in that Competition They told him plainly that the Princes of Germany did not think him fit to Command the Empire who was neither able to hold that which his Ancestors had gained in France nor to rule his insolent Subjects in England nor to Master his Rebellious people of Ireland This was enough to kindle in the heart of a young Prince a desire to perform some great enterprise And therefore finding it no fit time to attempt France he resolved to finish the Conquest of Ireland and to that end he levied a mighty Army consisting of four thousand men at Arms and thirty thousand Archers which was a sufficient power to have reduced the whole Island if he had first broken the Irish with a War and after established the English Laws among them and not have been satisfied with their light submissions only wherewith in all ages they have mocked and abused the State of England But the Irish Lords knowing this to be a sure policy to dissolve the forces which they were not able to resist for their Ancestors had put the same trick and imposture upon King John and King Henry the second as soon as the King was arrived with his army which he brought over under S. Edward's Banner whose name was had in great veneration amongst the Irish they all made offer to submit themselves Stow in Rich. 2● Whereupon the Lord Thomas Mowbray Earl of Nottingham Archiu in officio Rememorat regis apud Westmon and Marshal of England was authorized by special Commission to receive the homages and Oaths of fidelity of all the Irishry of Leinster And the King himself having received humble Letters from Oneal wherein he styleth himself Prince of the Irishry in Ulster and yet acknowledgeth the King to be his Sovereign Lord & perpetuus Dominus Hiberniae removed to Droghedah to accept the like submissions from the Irish of Ulster The Men of Leinster namely Mac Murrogh O Byrne O Moor O Murrogh O Nolan and the chief of the Kinshelaghes in an humble and solemn manner did their homages and made their Oaths of fidelity to the Earl Marshal laying aside their girdles their skeins and their Caps and falling down at his feet upon their knees Which when they had performed the Earl gave unto each of them Osculum pacis Besides they were bound by several Indentures upon great pains to be paid to the Apostolic Chamber not only to continue loyal subjects but that by a certain day prefixed they and all their Swordmen should clearly relinquish and give up unto the King and his successors all their Lands and possessions which they held in Leinster and taking with them only their movable goods should serve him in his wars against his other Rebels In consideration whereof the King should give them pay and pensions during their lives and bestow the inheritance of all such Lands upon them as they should recover from the Rebels in any other part of the Realm And thereupon a pension of eighty Marks per annum was granted to Art ' Mac Murrogh chief of the Kavanaghes the enroulment whereof I found in the White book of the Exchequer here And this was the effect of the service performed by the Earl Marshal by virtue of his Commission The King in like manner received the submissions of the Lords of Ulster namely O Neal O Hanlon Mac Donel Mac Mahon and others who with the like Humility and Ceremony did homage and fealty to the Kings own person the words of O Neales' homage as they are recorded are not unfit to be remembered Ego Nelanus Oneal Senior tam pro meipso quam pro filiis meis & tota Natione mea & Parentelis meis & pro omnibus subditis meis devenio Ligeus homo vester etc. And in the Indenture between him and the King he is not only bound to remain faithful to the Crown of England but to restore the Bonaght of Ulster to the Earl of Ulster as of right belonging to that Earldom and usurped among other things by the Oneals These Indentures and submissions with many other of the same kind for there was not a Chieftain or head of an Irish sept but submitted himself in one form or other the King himself caused to be enrolled and testified by a Notary public and delivered the enrolments with his own hands to the Bishop of Salisbury than Lord Treasurer of England so as they have been preserved and are now to be found in the Office of the King's Remembrancer there With these humilities they satisfied the young King and by their bowing and bending avoided the present storm and so broke that Army which was prepared to break them For the King having accepted their submissions received them in Osculo pacis feasted them and given the honour of Knighthood to divers of them did break up and dissolve his army and returned into England with much honour and small profit saith Froissard For though he had spent a huge mass of Treasure in transporting his army by the countenance whereof he drew on their submissions yet did he not increase his revenue thereby one sterling pound nor enlarged the English borders the breadth of one Acre of Land neither did he extend the Jurisdiction of his Courts of Justice one foot further than the English Colonies wherein it was used and exercised before Besides he was no sooner returned into England but those Irish Lords laid aside their masks of humility and scorning the weak forces which the King had left behind him began to infest the borders in defence whereof the Lord Roger Mortimer being then the King's Lieutenant and Heir apparent to the Crown of England was slain as I said before Whereupon the King being moved with a just appetite of revenge came over again in person in the 22. year of his Reign with as potent an army as he had done before with a full purpose to make a full Conquest of Ireland he landed at Waterford and passing from thence to Dublin through the waste Countries of the Murroghes Kinshelaghes Cavanagheses Birneses and Tools his great army was much distressed for want of victuals and carriages so as he performed no memorable thing in that journey only in the Cavanagheses Country he cut and cleared the paces and bestowed the honour of Knighthood upon the Lord Henry the Duke of Lancaster's son who was afterwards King Henry the fifth and so came to Dublin Holinshed in Richard the 2. where entering into Counsel how to proceed in the war he received news out of England of the arrival of the banished Duke of Lancaster at Ravenspurgh usurping the Regal authority and arresting and putting to death his principal Officers This advertisement suddenly broke off the King's purpose touching the prosecution of the war in Ireland and transported him into England where shortly after he ended both his Reign and his life Since whose time until the 39 year of Queen Elizabeth there was never any Army sent ●ver of a Competent strength or power to subdue the Irish but the war was made by the English Colonies only to defend their borders or if any forces were transmitted over they were sent only to suppress the rebellions of such as were descended of English race and not to enlarge our Dominion over the Irish DUring the Reign of King Henry the Fourth Henry 4. the Lord Thomas of Lancaster the King's second Son The Lord Thomas of Lancaster his service was Lieutenant of Ireland who for the first eight years of that King's Reign made the Lord Scroop and others his Deputies who only defended the Marches with forces levied within the Land In the eighth year that Prince came over in person with a small retinue So as wanting a sufficient power to attempt or perform any great service he returned within seven months after into England Yet during his personal abode there he was hurt in his own person within one mile of Dublin upon an encounter with the Irish enemy He took the submissions of O Birne of the Mountains Mac Mahon and O Rely Archiu Rememorat regis apud Westm. by several Indentures wherein O Birne doth Covenant that the King shall quietly enjoy the Manor of Newcastle Mac Mahon accepteth a State in the Ferny for life rendering ten pound a year and O Rely doth promise to perform such duties to the Earl of March and Ulster as were contained in an Indenture dated the 18. of Richard the second Henry 5. IN the time of K. Henry the fifth there came no forces out of England The Lord Furnival his service Howbeit the Lord Furnival being the King's Lieutenant made a martial circuit or journey round about the Marches and Borders of the pale Alb. libr. Scacc. Dublin and brought all the Irish to the King's peace beginning with the Birneses Tooleses and Cavanagheses on the South and so passing to the Moors O Connors and O Forals in the West and ending with the O Relies Mac Mahons O Neales' and O Hanlons in the North. He had power to make them seek the King's peace but not power to reduce them to the Obedience of Subjects yet this was then held so great and worthy a service as that the Lords and chief Gentlemen of the Pale made certificate thereof in French unto the King being then in France which I have seen Recorded in the White Book of the Exchequer at Dublin Howbeit his Army was so ill paid and governed as the English suffered more damage by the Sess of his Soldiers for now that Monster Coin and Livery which the Statute of Kilkenny had for a time abolished was risen again from hell than they gained profit or security by abating the pride of their enemies for a time DUring the minority of King Henry the sixth Henry 6. and for the space of seven or eight years after the Lieutenants and Deputies made only a bordering war upon the Irish with small and scattered forces howbeit because there came no Treasure out of England to pay the Soldier the poor English Subject did bear the burden of the men of war in every place and were thereby so weakened and impoverished as the State of things in Ireland stood very desperately Whereupon the Cardinal of Winchester who after the death of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester did wholly sway the State of England being desirous to place the Duke of Somerset in the Regency of France Richard Duke of York his service took occasion to remove Richard Duke of York from that Government and to send him into Ireland pretending that he was a most able and willing person to perform service there because he had a great inheritance of his own in Ireland namely the Earldom of Ulster and the Lordships of Conaght and Meth by descent from Lionel Duke of Clarence We do not find that this great Lord came over with any numbers of waged Soldiers but it appeareth upon what good terms he took that Government by the Covenants between the King and him which are recorded and confirmed by Act of Parliament in Ireland Archiu in Castro Dublin and were to this effect 1. That he should be the King's Lieutenant of Ireland for ten years 2. That to support the charge of that Country he should receive all the King's Revenues there both certain and casual without account 3. That he should be supplied also with treasure out of England in this manner he should have four thousand Marks for the first year whereof he should be imprested 2000 li. before hand and for the other nine years he should receive 2000 li. per annum 4. That he might Let to Ferm the King's Lands and place and dis-place all Officers at his pleasure 5. That he might levy and wage what numbers of men he thought fit 6. That he might make a Deputy and return at his pleasure We cannot presume that this Prince kept any great army on foot as well because his means out of England were so mean and those ill paid as appeareth by his passionate letter written to the Earl of Salisbury his Brother in Law Holinshed in Henry the sixth the Copy whereof is Registered in the Story of this time as also because the whole Land except the English Pale and some part of the Earldom of Ulster upon the Seacoasts were possessed by the Irish So as the Revenue of the Kingdom which he was to receive d●d amount to little He kept the borders and Marches of the Pale with much ado he held many Parliaments wherein sundry Laws were made for erecting of Castles in Louth Meath and Kildare to stop the incursions of the Irishry And because the Soldiers for want of pay were sess and laid upon the Subjects against their wills upon the prayer and importunity of the Commons this extortion was declared to be High-Treason Rot. Parl. in Castro Dublin But to the end that some means might be raised to nourish some forces for defence of the Pale by another Act of Parliament every twenty pound Land was charged with the furnishing and maintenance of one Archer on horseback Besides the native subjects of Ireland seeing the Kingdom utterly ruined Archiu Tur. 17. Hen. 6. Clausam 20. did pass in such numbers into England as one Law was made in England to transmit them back again and another Law made here to stop their passage in every Port and Creek Manuscript of Baron Finglas Yet afterwards the greatest parts of the Nobility and Gentry of Meth passed over into England and were slain with him at Wakefield in Yorkshire Lastly the State of England was so far from sending an army to subdue the Irish at this time as among the Articles of grievances exhibited by the Duke of York against King Henry the sixth this was one Holinshed in Hen. 6. That divers Lords about the King had caused his Highness to write Letters unto some of his Irish enemies whereby they were encouraged to attempt the conquest of the said Land Which Letters the same Irish enemies had sent unto the Duke marvailing greatly that such Letters should be sent unto them and speaking therein great shame of the Realm of England After this when this great Lord was returned into England and making claim to the Crown began the War betwixt the two Houses It cannot he conceived but that the Kingdom fell into a worse and weaker estate Edw. 4. How the War was maintained in the time of King Edw. 4. WHen Edward the fourth was settled in the Kingdom of England he made his Brother George Duke of Clarence Lieutenant of Ireland This Prince was born in the Castle of Dublin during the Government of his father the Duke of York yet did he never pass over into this Kingdom to govern it in person though he held the Lieutenancy many years But it is manifest that King Edward the fourth did not pay any Army in Ireland during his Reign but the Men of War did pay themselves by taking Coin and Livery upon the Country Holinshed in Edw. 4. which extortion grew so excesssive and intolerable Book of Howth M●rus as the Lord Tiptoft being Deputy to the Duke of Clarence was enforced to execute the Law upon the greatest Earl in the Kingdom namely Desmond who lost his head at Droghedagh for this offence Howbeit The fraternity of Saint George in Ireland that the State might not seem utterly to neglect the defence of the Pale there was a fraternity of men at arms called the Brotherhood of St. George erected by Parliament the 14. of Edward the fourth consisting of thirteen the most Noble and worthy persons within the four shires 14. of Edw. 4. Rot. Parl. Dublin Of the first foundation were Thomas Earl of Kildare Sir Rowland Eustace Lord of Portlester and Sir Robert Eustace for the County of Kildare Robert Lord of Howth the Mayor of Dublin and Sir Robert Dowdal for the County of Dublin the Viscount of Gormanston Edward Plunket Senesha I of Meth Alexander Plunket and Barnaby Barnewale for the County of Meth the Mayor of Droghedagh Sir Laurence Taaffe and Richard Bellewe for the County of Lowth These and their Successors were to meet yearly upon St. George's day and to choose one of themselves to be Captain of that Brotherhood for the next year to come Which Captain should have at his command 120. Archers on horseback forty horsemen and forty Pages to suppress Outlaws and rebels The wages of every Archer should be six pence Per diem and every Horseman five pence Per diem and four marks Per annum And to pay these entertainments and to maintain this new fraternity there was granted unto them by the same Act of Parliament a subsidy of Poundage out of all Marchandizes exported or imported throughout the Realm hides and the goods of Freemen of Dublin and Droghedah only excepted These 200. men were all the standing forces that were then maintained in Ireland And as they were Natives of the Kingdom so the Kingdom itself did pay their wages without expecting any treasure out of England Henry 7. How the war was prosecuted in time of K Hen. 7. BUt now the wars of Lancaster and York being ended and Henry the seventh being in the actual and peaceable possession of the Kingdom of England let us see if this King did send over a Competent Army to make a perfect Conquest of Ireland Assuredly if those two Idols or Counterfeits which were set up against him in the beginning of his Reign had not found footing and followers in this Land King Henry the seventh had sent neither Horse nor Foot hither but let the Pale to the Guard and defence of the Fraternity of Saint George which stood till the tenth year of his Reign And therefore upon the erection of the first Idol Ar●●●● Remem Regis apud West which was Lambert the Priest's Boy he transmitted no Forces but sent over Sir Richard Edgecomb with Commission to take an Oath of Allegiance of all the Nobility Gentry and Citizens of this Kingdom which service he performed fully and made an exact return of his Commission to the King And immediately after that the King sent for all the Lords of Parliament in this Realm The book of Howth Manus who repairing to his presence were first in a Kingly manner reproved by him for among other things he told them that if their King were still absent from them they would at length Crown Apes but at last entertained them and dismissed them graciously This course of clemency he held at first But after when Perkin Warbeck who was set up and followed chiefly by the Giraldines in Leinster and Citizens of Cork in Munster to suppress this Counterfeit the King sent over Sir Edward Poynings Holinshead in Hen. 7. with an Army as the Histories call it which did not consist of a thousand men by the Poll and yet it brought such terror with it as all the Adherents of Perkin Warbeck were scattered Sir Ed: Poynings service and retired for succour into the Irish Countries to the Marches whereof he marched with his weak Forces but eftsoons returned and held a Parliament Rot. Parl. in Castro Dublin Wherein among many good Laws one Act was made That no Subject should make any War or Peace within the Land without the special Licence of the King's Lieutenant or Deputy A manifest argument that at that time the bordering Wars in this Kingdom were made altogether by Voluntaries upon their own head without any pay or entertainment and without any Order or Commission from the State The book of Howth And though the Lords and Gentlemen of the Pale in the nineteenth of year of this King's Reign joined the famous Battle of Knocktow in Conaght The battle of Knocktow wherein Mac William with four thousand of the Irish and degenerate Engglish were slain yet was not this journey made by Warrant from the King or upon his charge as it is expressed in the Book of Howth but only upon a private quarrel of the Earl of Kildare so loosely were the Martial affairs of Ireland carried during the Reign of King Henry the seventh IN the time of King Henry the eighth Henry 8. the Earl of Surrey Lord Admiral How the war was carried during the reign of King Henry the eight was made Lieutenant and though he were the greatest Captain of the English Nation then living yet brought he with him rather an honourable Guard for his person than a competent Army to recover Ireland The Earl of Surries service For he had in his Retinue two hundred tall Yeomen of the King's Guard But because he wanted means to perform any great action he made means to return the sooner yet in the mean time he was not idle but passed the short time he spent here in holding a Parliament and divers journeys against the Rebels of Leinster insomuch as he was hurt in his own person upon the borders of Leix After the revocation of this honourable personage King Henry the eighth sent no Forces into Ireland till the Rebellion of the Giraldines which happened in the seven and twentieth year of his Reign Then sent he over Sir William Skevington with five hundred men only to quench that fire and not to enlarge the border or to rectify the Government This Deputy died in the midst of the service The Lord Leonard Gray's service so as the Lord Leonard Grace was sent to finish it Who arriving with a supply of two hundred men or thereabouts did so prosecute the Rebels as the Lord Garret their Chieftain and his five Uncles submitted themselves unto him and were by him transmitted into England But this service being ended that active Nobleman with his little Army and some aids of the Pale did oftentimes repel O Neal and O Donel attempting the invasion of the Civil Shires and at last made that prosperous fight at Belahoo on the Confines of Meath The fight at Belahoo the memory whereof is yet famous as that he defeated well-nigh all the power of the North Book of Howth Manus and so quieted the border for many years Hitherto than it is manifest that since the last transfretation of King Richard the second the Crown of England never sent over either numbers of men or quantities of treasure sufficient to defend the small Territory of the Pale much less to reduce that which was lost or to finish the Conquest of the whole Island After this Sir Anthony S. Leger Sir Anthony St. Leger was made chief Governor who performed great service in a Civil course Sir Edw. B●llingham in the time of King Edw. 6. as shall be expressed hereafter But Sir Edward Bellingham who succeeded him proceeded in a Martial course against the Irishry and was the first Deputy from the time of King Edward the third till the Reign of King Edward the sixth that extended the border beyond the limits of the English Pale by beating and breaking the Moors and Connors and building the Forts of Leix and Offaly This service he performed with six hundred horse the monthly charge whereof did arise to seven hundred and seventy pound And four hundred foot whose pay did amount to four hundred and forty six pound per mensem Archiu Remem Regis apud West as appeareth upon the Treasurer's Account remaining in the Office of the King's Remembrancer in England Yet were not these Country's so fully recovered by this Deputy but that Thomas Earl of Sussex did put the last hand to this work Thomas Earl of Sussex in the time of Queen Mary and rooting out these two rebellious Septs planted English Colonies in their rooms which in all the tumultuous times since have kept their Habitations their Loyalty and Religion Queen Elizabeth And now are we come to the time of Queen ELIZABETH who sent over more men and spent more treasure to save and reduce the Land of Ireland than all her Progenitors since the Conquest DUring her Reign How the war was prosecuted in the time of Queen Elizabeth there arose three notorious and main Rebellions which drew several Armies out of England The first of Shane O Neal the second of Desmond the last of Tyrone for the particular insurrections of the Viscount Baltinglass and Sir Edmund Butler the Moors the Cavanagheses the Birneses and the Bourkeses of Conaght were all suppressed by the standing Forces here To subdue Shane O Neal Shane O Neales' Rebellion in the height of his Rebellion in the year 1566. Captain Randal transported a Regiment of one thousand men into Ulster and planted a Garrison at Loughfo●le Before the coming of which supply viz. in the year 1565. the List of the standing Army of Horse and foot English and Irish did not exceed the number of twelve hundred men as appeareth by the Treasurer's Account of Ireland Archiu Remem Regis apud Westm. now remaining in the Exchequer of England With these Forces did Sir Henry Sidney than Lord Deputy march into the farthest parts of Tirone and joining with Captain Randal did much distress but not fully defeat O Neal who was afterwards slain upon a mere accident by the Scots and not by the Queen's Army Desmonds' Rebellion TO prosecute the Wars in Munster against Desmond and his Adherents there were transmitted out of England at several times three or four thousand men which together with the standing Garrisons and some other supplies raised here made at one time an Army of six thousand and upwards which with the Virtue and Valour of Arthur Lord Grace and others the Commanders did prove a sufficient power to extinguish that Rebellion But that being done it was never intended that these Forces should stand Tyrones' Rebellion till the rest of the Kingdom were settled and reduced only that Army which was brought over by the Earl of Essex Lord Lieutenant and Governor General of this Kingdom in the nine and thirtieth year of Queen Elizabeth to suppress the Rebellion of Tirone which was spread universally over the whole Realm That Army I say the command whereof with the Government of the Realm was shortly after transferred to the command of the Lord Montjoy afterwards Earl of Devonshire who with singular wisdom valour and industry did prosecute and finish the War did consist of such good men of War and of such numbers being well-nigh twenty thousand by the Poll and was so royally supplied and paid and continued in full strength so long a time as that it broke and absolutely subdued all the Lords and Chieftains of the Irishry and degenerate or rebellious English Whereupon the multitude who ever loved to be followers of such as could master and defend them admiring the power of the Crown of England being brayed as it were in a Mortar with the Sword Famine and Pestilence altogether submitted themselves to the English Government received the Laws and Magistrates and most gladly embraced the King's Pardon and Peace in all parts of the Realm with demonstration of joy and comfort which made indeed an entire perfect and final Conquest of Ireland And though upon the finishing of the War this great Army was reduced to less numbers yet hath His Majesty in his Wisdom thought it fit still to maintain such competent Forces here as the Law may make her progress and Circuit about the Realm under the protection of the Sword as Virgo the figure of Justice is by Leo in the Zodiac until the people have perfectly learned the Lesson of Obedience and the Conquest be established in the hearts of all men THus far have I endeavoured to make it manifest that from the first adventure and attempt of the English to subdue and conquer Ireland until the last War with Tyrone Four main defects in the prosecution of the War which as it was Royally undertaken so it was really prosecuted to the end there hath been four main defects in the carriage of the Martial Affairs here First the Armies for the most part were too weak for a Conquest Secondly when they were of a competent strength as in both the journeys of Richard the second they were too soon broken up and dissolved Thirdly they were ill paid And fourthly they were ill governed which is always a consequent of ill payment BUt why was not this great work performed Why none of the Kings of England before Qu. Elizabeth did finish the conquest of Ireland before the latter end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign considering that many of the Kings her Progenitors were as great Captains as any in the World and had elsewhere larger Dominions and Territories First who can tell whether the Divine Wisdom to abate the glory of those Kings did not reserve this Work to be done by a Queen that it might rather appear to be his own immediate work And yet for her greater Honour made it the last of her great actions as it were to Crown all the rest And to the end that a secure peace might settle the Conquest and make it firm and perpetual to Posterity caused it to be made in that fullness of time when England and Scotland became to be united under one Imperial Crown and when the Monarchy of Great Brittany was in League and Amity with all the World Besides the Conquest at this time doth perhaps fulfil that prophecy wherein the four great Prophets of Ireland do concur as it is recorded by Giraldus Cambrensis to this effect That after the first Invasion of the English they should spend many ages in crebris conflictibus Giraldus Cambrensis longoque certamine & multis caedibus And that Omnes fere Anglici ab Hibernia turbabuntur nihilominus orientalia maritima semper obtinebunt Sed vix paulo antè diem Judicii plenam Anglorum populo victoriam compromittunt Insula Hibernica de mari usque ad mare de toto subacta & incastellata If S. Patrick and the rest did not utter this Prophecy certainly Giraldus is a Prophet who hath reported it To this we may add the Prophecy of Merlin spoken of also by Giraldus Sextus moenia Hiberniae subvertet & regiones in Regnum redigentur Which is performed in the time of King James the sixth in that all the paces are cleared and places of fastness laid open which are the proper Walls and Castles of the Irish as they were of the British in the time of Agricola and withal the Irish Countries being reduced into Counties make but one entire and undivided Kingdom But to leave these high and obscure causes the plain and manifest truth is that the Kings of England in all ages had been powerful enough to make an absolute Conquest of Ireland if their whole power had been employed in that enterprise but still there arose sundry occasions which divided and diverted their power some other way How the several Kings of England were diverted from the Conquest of Ireland Let us therefore take a brief view of the several impediments which arose in every King's time since the first Overture of the Conquest whereby they were so employed and busied as they could not intend the final Conquest of Ireland King Henry 2. KIng Henry the second was no sooner returned out of Ireland but all his four Sons conspired with his Enemies rose in Arms and moved War against him both in France and in England The book of Howth Manus This unnatural Treason of his Sons did the King express in an Emblem painted in his Chamber at Winchester wherein was an Eagle with three Eaglets tiring ●n her breast and the fourth pecking at one of her eyes And the troth is these ungracious practices of his Sons did impeach his journey to the Holy-Land which he had once vowed vexed him all the days of his life and brought his grey hairs with sorrow to the grave Besides this King having given the Lordship of Ireland to John his youngest Son ● his ingratitude afterwards made the King careless to settle him in the quiet and absolute possession of that Kingdom RIchard the first Rich. 1. which succeeded Henry the second in the Kingdom of England had less reason to bend his power towards the Conquest of this Land which was given in perpetuity to the Lord John his Brother And therefore went he in person to the Holy War by which journey and his Captivity in Austria and the heavy ransom that he paid for his liberty he was hindered and utterly disabled to pursue any so great an action as the Conquest of Ireland And after his delivery and return hardly was he able to maintain a Frontier War in Normandy where by hard fortune he lost his life KIng John his Brother K. John had greatest reason to prosecute the War of Ireland because the Lordship thereof was the portion of his inheritance given unto him when he was called John Sans-Terre Therefore he made two journeys thither one when he was Earl of Morton and very young about twelve years of age the other when he was King in the twelfth year of his Reign In the the first his own youth and his youthful company Roboams Counsellors made him hazard the loss of all that his Father had won But in the latter he showed a resolution to recover the entire Kingdom in taking the submissions of all the Irishry and settling the estates of the English and giving order for the building of many Castles and Forts whereof some remain until this day But he came to the Crown of England by a defeasible Title so as he was never well settled in the hearts of the people which drew him the sooner back out of Ireland into England where shortly after he fell into such trouble and distress The Clergy cursing him on the one side and the Baron's Rebelling against him on the other as he became so far unable to return to the Conquest of Ireland as besides the forfeiture of the Territories in France he did in a manner lose both the Kingdoms For he surrendered both to the Pope and took them back again to hold in Fee-farm which brought him into such hatred at home and such contempt abroad as all his life time after he was possessed rather with fear of losing his head than with hope of reducing the Kingdom of Ireland DUring the infancy of Henry the third Henry 3. the Barons were troubled in expelling the French whom they had drawn in against King John But this Prince was no sooner come to his majority but the Barons raised a long and cruel war against him Into these troubled waters the Bishops of Rome did cast their Nets and drew away all the wealth of the realm by their provisions and infinite exactions whereby the Kingdom was so impoverished as the King was scarce able to feed his own household and train much less to nourish Armies for the conquest of Foreign Kingdoms And albeit he had given this Land to the Lord Edward his eldest son yet could not that worthy Prince ever find means or opportunity to visit this Kingdom in person For from the time he was able to bear arms he served continually against the Barons by whom he was taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes And when that rebellion was appeased he made a journey to the Holy Land an employment which in those days diverted all Christian Princes from performing any great actions in Europe from whence he was returned when the Crown of England descended upon him Edw. 1. THis King Edward the first who was a Prince adorned with all virtues did in the managing of his affairs show himself a right good husband who being Owner of a Lordship ill husbanded doth first enclose and manure his demesnes near his principal house before he doth improve his wastes afar off Therefore he began first to establish the Commonwealth of England by making many excellent Laws and instituting the form of public Justice which remaineth to this day Next he fully subdued and reduced the Dominion of Wales then by his power and authority he settled the Kingdom of Scotland and lastly he sent a Royal army into Cascoigne to recover the Duchy of Aquitain These four great actions did take up all the reign of this Prince And therefore we find not in any Record that this King transmitted any Forces into Ireland but on the other side we find it recorded both in the Annals Archiu in Castro Dublin and in the Pipe-Rolls of this Kingdom that three several Armies were raised of the King's subjects in Ireland annal Hiberniae in Camden and transported one into Scotland another into Wales and the third into Cascoigne and that several aids were levied here for the setting forth of those armies THe Son and Successor of this excellent Prince Edw. 2. was Edward the second who much against his will sent one small army into Ireland not with a purpose to finish the Conquest but to guard the person of his Minion Piers Gaveston who being banished out of England was made Lieutenant of Ireland that so his exile might seem more honourable He was no sooner arrived here but he made a journey into the Mountains of Dublin brake and subdued the Rebels there annal Hiberniae in Camden built Newcastle in the Birneses Country and repaired Castlekevin and after passed up into Monster and Thomond Archiu in Castro Dublin performing every where great service with much Virtue and Valour But the King who could not live without him revoked him within less than a year After which time the invasion of the Scots and Rebellion of the Barons did not only disable this King to be a Conqueror but deprived him both of his Kingdom and life And when the Scottish nation had overrun all this land under the conduct of Edw. le Bruce who styled himself King of Ireland England was not then able to send either men or money to save this Kingdom Manuscript of Friar Clinn Only Roger de Mortimer then Justice of Ireland arrived at Youghall cum 38. milit saith Friar Clinn in his Annals But Bremingham Verdon Stapleton and some other private Gentlemen rose out with the Commons of Meth and Vriel and at Fagher near Dondalke a fatal place to the enemies of the Crown of England overthrew a potent army of them Et sic saith the red Book of the Exchequer Rubr. libr. Scac. Dublin wherein the victory was briefly recorded per manus communis populi & dextram dei deliberatur populus dei a servitute machinata & praecogitata IN the time of King Edward the third Edw. 3. the impediments of the Conquest of Ireland are so notorious as I shall not need to express them to wit the war which the King had with the Realms of Scotland and of France but especially the Wars of France which were almost continual for the space of forty years And indeed France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland and could better reward the Conqueror Besides it was an inheritance newly descended upon the King and therefore he had great reason to bend all his power and spend all his time and treasure in the recovery thereof And this is the true cause why Edward the third sent no army into Ireland till the 36. year of his Reign when the Lord Lionel brought over a Regiment of 1500. men as is before expressed which that wise and warlike Prince did not transmit as a competent power to make a full conquest but as an honourable retinue for his son and withal to enable him to recover some part of his Earldom of Ulster which was then overrun with the Irish But on the other part though the English Colonies were much degenerate in this King's time and had lost a great part of their possessions yet lying at the siege of Calais he sent for a supply of men out of Ireland annal Hiberniae in Cam den which were transported under the conduct of the Earl of Kildare and Fulco the l● Freyn in the year 1347. Rich. 2. AND now are we come again to the time of King Richard the second who for the first ten years of his Reign was a Minor and much disquieted with popular Commotions and after that was more troubled with the factions that arose between his Minions and the Princes of the blood But at last he took a resolution to finish the Conquest of this Realm And to that end he made two Royal voyages hither Upon the first he was deluded by the feigned submissions of the Irish but upon the latter when he was fully bend to prosecute the war with effect he was diverted and drawn from hence by the return of the Duke of Lancaster into England and the general defection of the whole Realm AS for Henry the Fourth Henry 4. he being an Intruder upon the Crown of England was hindered from all Foreign actions by sundry Conspiracies and Rebellions at home moved by the house of Northumberland in the North by the Dukes of Surrey and Exeter in the South and by Owen Glendour in Wales so as he spent his short Reign in establishing and settling himself in the quiet possession of England and had neither leisure nor opportunity to undertake the final conquest of Ireland Much less could King Henry the fifth perform that work Henry 5. for in the second year of his Reign he transported an Army into France for the recovery of that Kingdom and drew over to the siege of Harflew annal Hiberniae in Camden the Prior of Kilmaineham with 1500. Irish In which great action this victorious Prince spent the rest of his life AND after his death the two Noble Princes his Brothers the Duke of Bedford and Gloucester who during the minority of King Henry the sixth Henry 6. had the Government of the Kingdoms of England and France did employ all their Counsels and endeavours to perfect the Conquest of France the greater part whereof being gained by Henry the fifth and retained by the Duke of Bedford was again lost by King Henry the sixth a manifest argument of his disability to finish the Conquest of this Land But when the civil War between the two Houses was kindled the Kings of England were so far from reducing all the Irish under their Obedience as they drew out of Ireland to strengthen their parties all the Nobility and Gentry descended of English race which gave opportunity to the Irishry to invade the Lands of the English Colonies and did hazard the Loss of the whole Kingdom For though the Duke of York did while he lived in Ireland carry himself respectively towards all the Nobility Holinshed in Hen. 6. to win the general love of all bearing equal favour to the Giraldines and the Butlers as appeared at the Christening of George Duke of Clarence who was born in the Castle of Dublin where he made both the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Ormonde his Gossips And having occasion divers times to pass into England he left the sword with Kildare at one time and with Ormonde at another and when he lost his life at Wakefield there were slain with him divers of both those families Yet afterwards th●se two Noble houses of Ireland did severally follow the two Royal houses of England the Giraldines adhering to the house of York and the Butlers to the house of Lancaster Manuscript of Baron Finglas Whereby it came to pass that not only the principal Gentlemen of both those Sur-names but all their friends and dependants did pass into England leaving their Lands and possessions to be overrun by the Irish These impediments or rather impossibilities of finishing the Conquest of Ireland did continue till the Wars of Lancaster and York were ended which was about the twelfth year of King Edward the fourth Thus hitherto the Kings of England were hindered from finishing this Conquest by great and apparent impediments Henry the second by the rebellion of his Sons King John Henry the third and Edward the second by the Baron's Wars Edward the first by his Wars in Wales and Scotland Edward the third and Henry the fifth by the Wars of France Richard the second Henry the fourth Henry the sixth and Edward the fourth by Domestic contention for the Crown of England itself BUT the fire of the civil war being utterly quenched Edw. 4. and King Edward the fourth settled in the peaceable possession of the Crown of England what did then hinder that war●ick Prince from reducing of Ireland also First the whole Realm of England was miserably wasted depopulated and impoverished by the late civil dissensions yet as soon as it had recovered itself with a little peace and rest this King raised an Army and revived the Title of France again howbeit this Army was no sooner transmitted and brought into the field but the two Kings also were brought to an interview Whereupon partly by the fair and white promises of Lewis the 11. and partly by the corruption of some of King Edward's Minions the English forces were broken and dismissed and King Edward returned into England where shortly after finding himself deluded and abused by the French he died with melancholy and vexation of spirit Rich. 3. I Omit to speak of Richard the Usurper who never got the quiet possession of England but was cast out by Henry the seventh within two years and a half after his Usurpation Henry 7. AND for King Henry the seventh himself though he made that happy Union of the two houses yet for more than half the space of his Reign there were walking spirits of the house of York as well in Ireland as in England which he could not conjure down without expense of some blood and Treasure But in his later times he did wholly study to improve the Revenues of the Crown in both Kingdoms with an intent to provide means for some great action which he intended which doubtless if he had lived would rather have proved a journey into France than into Ireland because in the eyes of all men it was a fairer enterprise Henry 8. THerefore King Henry the eighth in the beginning of his reign made a Voyage Royal into France wherein he spent the greatest part of that treasure which his Father had frugally reserved perhaps for the like purpose In the latter end of his Reign he made the like journey being enriched with the Revenues of the Abbey Lands But in the middle time between these two attempts the great alteration which he made in the State Ecclesiastical caused him to stand upon his guard at home the Pope having solicited all the Princes of Christendom to revenge his quarrel in that behalf And thus was King Henry the eighth detained and diverted from the absolute reducing of the Kingdom of Ireland LAstly King Edward 6. and Qu. Mary the infancy of King Edward the sixth and the Coverture of Qu. Mary which are both Non abilities in the Law did in fact disable them to accomplish the Conquest of Ireland SO as now this great work did remain to be performed by Queen ELIZABETH Qu. Elizabeth who though she were diverted by suppressing the open rebellion in the North by preventing divers secret Conspiracies against her person by giving aids to the French and States of the Low-Countries by maintaining a Naval war with Spain for many years together yet the sundry rebellions joined with foreign invasions upon this Island whereby it was in danger to be utterly lost and to be possessed by the Enemies of the Crown of England did quicken her Majesty's care for the preservation thereof and to that end from time to time during her Reign she sent over such supplies of men and treasure as did suppress the Rebels and repel the invaders Howbeit before the transmitting of the last great army the forces sent over by Queen Elizabeth were not of sufficient power to break and subdue a●l the Irishry and to reduce and reform the whole Kingdom but when the general defection came which came not without a special providence for the final good of that Kingdom though the second causes thereof were the faint prosecution of the War against Tyrone the practices of Priests and Jesuits and the expectation of the aids from Spain Then the extreme peril of losing the Kingdom the dishonour and danger that might thereby grow to the Crown of England together with a just disdain conceived by that great minded Queen that so wicked and ungrateful a Rebel should prevail against Her who had ever been victorious against all her enemies did move and almost enforce her to send over that mighty army and did withal inflame the hearts of the Subjects of England cheerfully to contribute towards the maintaining thereof a Million of sterling pounds at least which was done with a purpose only to Save and not to Gain a Kingdom To keep and retain that Sovereignty which the Crown of England had in Ireland such as it was and not to recover a more absolute Dominion But as it faileth out many times that when a house is on fire the Owner to save it from burning pulleth it down to the ground but that pulling down doth give occasion of building it up again in a better form So these last Wars which to save the Kingdom did utterly break and destroy this people produced a better effect than was at first expected For every Rebellion when it is suppressed doth make the subject weaker and the Prince stronger So this general revolt when it was overcome did produce a general Obedience and Reformation of all the Irishry which ever before had been disobedient and unreformed and thereupon ensued the final and full conquest of Ireland And thus much may suffice to be spoken touching the defects in the martial affairs and the weak and faint prosecution of the war and of the several Impediments or employments which did hinder or divert every King of England successively from reducing Ireland to their absolute subjection IT now remaineth 2. The defects in the Civil Policy & government that we show the defects of the Civil Policy and Government which gave no less impediment to the perfection of this Conquest THe first of that kind 1. The Laws of England were not given to the mere Irish doth consist in this That the Crown of England did not from the beginning give Laws to the Irishry whereas to give Laws to a conquered people is the principal mark and effect of a perfect Conquest For albeit King Henry the second before his return out of Ireland Matth. Paris Hist. major fol. 121. held a Council or Parliament at Lissemore Vbi Leges Angliae ab omnibus sunt gratanter receptae & Juratoria Cautione praestita confirmatae as Matth. Paris writeth And though King John in the twelfth year of his Reign Matth. Paris Histor major 220 b. did establish the English Laws and Customs here and placed Sheriffs and other Ministers to rule and govern the people according to the Law of England and to that end 11 Hen. 3. pat m. 3. Ipse duxit secum viros discretos & legis peritos quorum communi consilio scatuit & praecepit leges Anglicanas teneri in Hibernia etc. as we find it recorded among the Patent Rolls in the Tower 11 Hen. 3. m. 3. Though likewise King Henry the third did grant and transmit the like Charter of Liberties to his Subjects of Ireland as himself and his Father had granted to the Subjects of England as appeareth by another Record in the Tower 1 Hen. 3. Pat. m. 13. And afterwards by a special Writ did command the Lord Justice of Ireland Quod convocatis Archiepiscopis Episcopis Comitibus Baronibus etc. Coram eyes legi faceret Chartam Regis Johannis quam ipse legi fecit & jurari à Magnatibus Hiberniae de legibus & Constitutionibus Angliae observandis & quod leges illas teneant & observent 12 Hen. 3. Claus m. 8. And after that again the same King by Letters Patents under the Great Seal of England did confirm the Establishment of the English Laws made by King John in this form Quia pro Communi utilitate terrae Hiberniae ac unitate terrarum de Communi Consilio provisum sit quod omnes leges & consuetudines quae in regno Angliae tenentur in Hiberniâ teneantur & eadem terra ejusdem legibus subjaceat ac per easdem regatur sicut Johannes Rex cum illic esset Statuit & firmiter mandavit ideo volumus quod omnia brevia de Communi Jure quae currunt in Anglia similiter currant in Hibernia sub novo sigillo nostro 30 H. 3. pat m. 20 etc. Teste meipso apud Woodstock etc. Which Confirmation is found among the Patent Rolls in the Tower Anno 30. Hen. 3. Notwithstanding it is evident by all the Records of this Kingdom that only the English Colonies and some fews Septs of the Irishry which were enfranchised by special Charters The mere Irish not admitted to have the benefit of the Laws of England were admitted to the benefit and protection of the Laws of England and that the Irish generally were held and reputed Aliens or rather enemies to the Crown of England insomuch as they were not only disabled to bring any actions but they were so far out of the protection of the law as it was often adjudged no felony to kill a mere Irishman in the time of peace The mere Irish reputed Aliens That the mere Irish were reputed Aliens appeareth by sundry Records wherein Judgement is demanded if they shall be answered in Actions brought by them and likewise by the Charters of Denization which in all ages were purchased by them In the Common Plea Rolls of 28 Edward the third which are yet preserved in Breminghams' Tower this Case is adjudged Simon Neal brought an action of Trespass against William Newlagh for breaking his Close in Clandalkin Archiu in Castro Dublin in the County of Dublin the Defendant doth plead that the Plaintiff is Hibernicus & non de Quinque sanguinibus and demandeth Judgement if he shall be answered The Plaintiff replieth Quod ipse est de quinque sanguinibus viz De les Oneiles de Vlton qui per Concessionem progenitorum Domini Regis Libertatibus Anglicis gaudere debent & utuntur & proliberis hominibus reputantur The Defendant rejoineth that the Plaintiff is not of the Oneals of Ulster Nec de quinque sanguinibus And thereupon they are at issue Which being found for the Plaintiff he had Judgement to recover his damages against the Defendant By this Record it appeareth that five principal Bloods or Septs of the Irishry were by special grace enfranchised and enabled to take benefit of the Laws of England And that the Nation of o Neals in Ulster was one of the five Archiu in Castro Dublin And in the like case 3 of Edward the second among the Plea-Rolls in Breminghams' Tower All the five Septs or Bloods Qui gaudeant lege Anglicana quoad brevia portanda are expressed namely Oneil de Vltonia O Molaghlin de Minia O Connoghor de Connacia O Brin de Thotmonia & Mac Murrogh de Lagenia And yet I find that O Neal himself long after viz. in 20 Edw. 4. upon his marriage with a Daughter of the house of Kildare to satisfy the friends of the Lady was made denizen by a special Act of Parliament 20 Edw. 4. C. 8. Again in the 29 of Edw 1. Archiu in Castro Dublin before the Justices in Eire at Droghedah Thomas le Botteler brought an action of Detinue against Robert the Almain for certain goods The Defendant pleadeth Quod non tenetur ei inde respondere eo quod est Hibernicus & non de libero sanguine Et praedictus Thomas dicit quod Anglicus est & hoc petit quod inquiratur per patriam Ideo fiat inde Jurat etc. Jurat dicunt super Sacrament suum quod predict Thomas Anglicus est ideo consideratum est quod recuperet etc. These two Records among many other do sufficiently show that the Irish were disabled to bring any actions at the Common Law Touching their Denizations they were common in every King's Reign since Henry the second and were never out of use till His Majesty that now is came to the Crown Among the Pleas of the Crown of 4. Edw. 2. we find a Confirmation made by Edward the first of a Charter of Denization granted by Henry the second to certain Oostmen or Easterlings who were Inhabitants of Waterford long before Henry the second attempted the Conquest of Ireland Archiu in Castro Dublin Edwardus Dei gratia etc. Justitiario suo Hiberniae Salutem Quia per Inspectionem Chartae Dom. Hen. Reg. filii Imperatricis quondam Dom. Hiberniae proavi nostri nobis Constat quod Ostmanni de Waterford legem Anglicorum in Hibernia habere & secundum ipsam legam Judicari & deduci debènt vobis mandamus quod Gillicrist Mac Gilmurrii Willielmum & Johannem Mac Gilmurrii & alios Ostmannos de civitate & Comitatu Waterford qui de predictis Ostmannis predict Dom. Henr. proavi nostri originem duxerunt legem Anglicorum in partibus illis juxta tenorem Chartae predict habere & eos secundum ipsam legem quantum in nobis est deduci faciatis donec aliud de Consilio nostro inde duxerimus ordinand In cujus rei etc. Teste meipso apud Acton Burnell 15. Octobris anno regni nostri undecimo Again Archiu in Castro Dublin among the Patent Rolls of 1 Edward the fourth remaining in the Chancery here we find a Patent of Denization granted the 13 of Edward the first in these words Edwardus Dei gratia Rex Angliae Dom. Hiberniae Dux Aquitaniae etc. Omnibus Ballivis & fidelibus suis in Hibernia Salutem Volentes Christophero filio Donaldi Hibernico gratiam sacere specialem concedimus pro nobis & haeredibus nostris quod idem Christopherus hanc habeat libertatem viz. Quod ipse de catero in Hibernia utatur legibus Anglicanis & prohibemus ne quisquam contra hanc concessionem nostram dictum Christopherum vexet in aliquo vel perturbet In cujus rei Testimonium etc. Teste meipso apud Westm. 27. die Junii anno regni nostri 13. In the same Roll we find another Charter of Denization granted in the first of Edward the fourth in a more larger and beneficial form Edw. Dei gratia Archiu in Castro Dublin etc. Omnibus Ballivis etc. Salutem Sciatis quod nos volentes Willielmum O Bolgir capellanum de Hibernica Natione existentem favore prosequi gratioso de gratia nostra speciali etc. Concessimus eidem Willielmo quod ipse liberi sit Status & liberae conditionis & ab omni servitute Hibernicâ liber & quietus & quod ipse legibus Anglicanis in omnibus & per omnia uti possit & gaudere eodem modo quo homines Anglici infra dictam terram eas habent & iis gaudent & utuntur quodque ipse respondeat & respondeatur in quibuscumque Curiis nostris ac omnimod terras tenementa redditus & servitia perquirere possit sibi & hear dibus suis imperpetuum etc. If I should collect out of the Records all the Charters of this kind I should make a Volume thereof but these may suffice to show that the mere Irish were not reputed free Subjects nor admitted to the benefit of the Laws of England until they had purchased Charters of Denization Lastly the mere Irish were not only accounted Aliens but Enemies That the mere Irish were reputed enemies to the Crown and altogether out of the Protection of the Law so as it was no capital Offence to kill them and this is manifest by many Records At a Gaol-delivery at Waterford before John Wogan Lord Justice of Ireland the fourth of Edward the second we find it recorded among the Pleas of the Crown of that year Archiu in Castro Dublin Quod Robertus le Wayleys rectatus de morte Johannis filii Juor Mac Gillemory felonice per ipsum interfecti &c Venit & bene cognovit quod praedictum Johannem interfecit dicit tamon quod peri● ejus interfectionem feloniam committere non potuit quia dicit quod praedictus Johannes fuit purus Hibernicus & non de libero sanguine etc. Et cum Dominus dicti Johannis cujus Hibernicus idem Johannes suit die quo interfectus fuit solutionem pro ipso Johanne Hibernico suo sic interfecto petere voluerit ipse Robertus paratus erat ad respondend' the solutione predict prout Justitia suadebit Et super hoc venit quidam Johannes le Poer & dicit pro Domino Rege quod predict johannes filius juor Mac Gillemory & antecessores sui de cognonime predict à tempore quo Dominus Henricus filius Imperatricis quondam Dominus Hiberniae Tritavus Domini Regis nunc fuit in Hibernia legem Anglicorum in Hibernia usque ad hunc diem haberc & secundum ipsam legem judicari & deduci debent And so pleaded the Charter of Denization granted to the Oostmen recited before All which appeareth at large in the said Record Wherein we may note that the kill of an Irish man was not punished by our Law as Manslaughter which is Felony and Capital for our Law did neither protect his life nor revenge his death but by a Fine or pecuniary punishment which is called an Erick according to the Brehon or Irish Law Again at a Gaol-delivery before the same Lord Justice at Limerick in the Roll of the same year we find Archiu in Castro Dublin that Willielmus filius Rogeri rectatus de morre Rogeri de Canteton felonice per ipsum interfecti venit & dicit quod feloniam per interfectionem praedictam committere non potuit quia dicit quod predict Rogerus Hibernic est & non de libero sanguine dicit etiam quod predict Rogerus fuit de Cognomine de Ohederiscal & non de cognonime de Cantetons & de hoc ponit se super patriam etc. Et Jurati dicunt super Sacram. suum quod praedictus Rogerus Hibernicus fuit & de cognonime de Ohederiscal & pro Hibernico habebatur tota vita sua Ideo predict Willielmus quoad feloniam predict quietus Sed quia praedictus Rogerus Ottederiscal fuit Hibernicus Domini Regis predict Willielmus recommittatur Gaolae quousque plegios invenerit de quinque marcis solvendis Domino Regi pro solutione praedicti Hibernici But on the other side if the Jury had found that the party slain had been of English race and Nation it had been adjudged Felony as appeareth by a Record of 29 of Edward the first in the Crown-Office here Coram Waltero Lenfant & sociis suis Justitiariis Itinerantibus apud Drogheda in Comitatu Louth Archiu in Castro Dublin Johannes Laurens indictat de morte Galfridi Douedal venit & non dedicit mortem praedictam sed dicit quod predict Galfridus fuit Hibernicus & non de libero sanguine & d● bono & malo ponit se super patriam etc. Et Jurat dicunt super Sacram. suum quod predict Galfridus Anglicus fuit & ideo predict Johannes culpabilis e●● de morte Galfridi predict Ideo suspend Catalla 13. s. unde Hugo de Clinton Vic● come respondet Hence it is that in all the Parliament Rolls which are extant fro● the fortieth year of Edward the third when the Statutes of Kilkenny were enacted till the Reign of King Henry the eighth we find the degenerate and disobedient English called Rebels but the Irish which were not in the King's peace are called Enemies Archiu in Castro Dublin Statute Kilkenny c. 1.10 and 11.11 Hen. 4. c. 24.10 Hen. 6. c. 1.18.18 Hen. 6. c. 4.5 Edw. 4. c. 6.10 Hen. 7. c. 17. All these Statutes speak of English Rebels and Irish Enemies as if the Irish had never been in condition of Subjects but always out of the Protection of the Law and were indeed in worse case than Aliens of any Foreign Realm that was in Amity with the Crown of England For by divers heavy Penal Laws the English were forbidden to marry to foster to make Gossips with the Irish or to have any trade or commerce in their Markets or Fairs nay there was a Law made no longer since than the 28 year of Henry the eighth Stat. de Kilkenny c 2. & 3.10 Hen. 6. c. 1.28 Hen. 8 c. 13. that the English should not marry with any person of Irish blood though he had gotten a Charter of Denization unless he had done both Homage and Fealty to the King in the Chancery and were also bound by Recognizance with sureties to continue a Loyal Subject Whereby it is manifest that such as had the Government of Ireland under the Crown of England did intend to make a perpetual separation and enmity between the English and the Irish pretendng no doubt that the English should in the end root cut the Irish which the English not being able to do did cause a perpetual War between the Nations which continued four hundred and odd years and would have lasted to the World's end if in the end of Queen Elizabeth's Reign the Irishry had not been broken and conquered by the Sword And since the beginning of his Majesty's Reign had not been protected and governed by the Law BUt perhaps the Irishry in former times did wilfully refuse to be subject to the Laws of England and would not be partakers of the benefit thereof though the Crown of England did desire and therefore they were reputed Aliens Outlaws The Irish did desire to be admitted to the benefit and protection of the English Laws but could not obtain it and Enemies Assuredly the contrary doth appear as well by the Charters of Denization purchased by the Irish in all ages as by a Petition preferred by them to the King Anno 2 Edward the third desiring that an Act might pass in Ireland whereby all the Irishry might be enabled to use and enjoy the Laws of England without purchasing of particular Denizations 2. Ed. 3. claus 17. Upon which Petition the King directed a special Writ to the Lord Justice which is found amongst the Close-Rolls in the Tower of London in this form Rex dilecto & fideli suo Johanni Darcile Mepieu Justice suo Hiberniae Salutem Ex parte quorundam hominum de Hibernia nobis extitit supplicatum ut per Statutum inde faciendum concedere velimus quod omnes Hibernici qui voluerint legibus utatur Anglicanis ita quod necesse non habeant super hoc Chartas alienas à nobis impetrare nos igitur Certiorari volentes si sine alieno praejudicio praemissis annuere valeamus vobis mandamus quod voluntatem magnatum terrae illius in proximo Parliamento nostro ibidem tenendo super hoc cum diligentia perscrutari facias & de eo quod inde inveneritis una cum Consilio & advisamento nobis certificetis etc. Whereby I collect that the great Lords of Ireland had informed the King that the Irishry might not be naturalised without damage and prejudice either to themselves or to the Crown But I am well assured that the Irishry did desire to be admitted to the benefit of the Law not only in this Petition exhibited to King Edward the third but by all their submissions made to King Richard the second and to the Lord Thomas of Lancaster before the Wars of the two Houses and afterwards to the Lord Leonard Grey and Sir Anthony Saint-Leger The Council Book of Ireland 34 Hen 8 when King Henry the eighth began to reform this Kingdom In particular the Birns of the Mountains in the 34 of Henry the eighth desire that their Country might be made Shire-ground and called the County of Wicklow And in the 23 of Henry the eighth O Donnel doth Covenant with Sir William Skeffington Quod si Dominus Rex velit reformare Hiberniam whereof it should seem he made some doubt that he and his people would gladly be governed by the Laws of England Only that ungrateful Traitor Tirone though he had no colour or shadow of Title to that great Lordship but only by grant from the Crown and by the Law of England for by the Irish Law he had been ranked with the meanest of his Sept yet in one of his Capitulations with the State he required that no Sheriff might have Jurisdiction within Tyrone and consequently that the Laws of England might not be executed there Which request was never before made by O Neale or any other Lord of the Irishry when they submitted themselves but chose they were humble suitors to have the benefit and protection of the English Laws What mischief did grow by not Communicating the English Laws to the Irish THis than I note as a great defect in the civil policy of this Kingdom in that for the space of three hundred and fifty years at least after the Conquest first attempted the English laws were not communicated to the Irish nor the benefit and protection thereof allowed unto them though they earnestly desired and sought the same For as long as they were out of the protection of the Law so as every Englishman might oppress spoil and kill them without controlment how was it possible they should be other than Outlaws and Enemies to the Crown of England If the King would not admit them to the condition of Subjects how could they learn to acknowledge and obey him as their Sovereign When they might not converse or Commerce with any Civil Men nor enter into any Town or City without peril of their Lives whither should they fly but into the Woods and Mountains and there live in a wild and barbarous manner If the English Magistrates would not rule them by the Law which doth punish Treason and Murder and Theft with death but leave them to be ruled by their own Lords and Laws why should they not embrace their own Brehon Law which punisheth no offence but with a Fine or Ericke If the Irish be not permitted to purchase Estates of Free-holds or Inheritance which might descend to their Children according to the course of our Common Law must they not continue their custom of tanistry which makes all their possessions uncertain and brings Confusion Barbarism and Incivility In a word if the English would neither in peace Govern them by the Law nor could in war root them out by the sword must they not needs be pricks in their eyes and thorns in their sides till the world's end and so the Conquest never be brought to perfection BUT on the other side What good would have ensued if the mere Irish had been governed by the English Laws If from the beginning the Laws of England had been established and the Brehon or Irish Law utterly abolished as well in the Irish Countries as the English Colonies If there had been no difference made between the Nations in point of Justice and protection but all had been governed by one Equal Just and Honourable Law as Dido speaketh in Virgil Tros Tyriusuè mihi nullo discrimine habetur If upon the first submission made by the Irish Lords to King Henry the second Three general submissiof the Irish Quem in Regem & Dominum receperunt saith Matth. Paris or upon the second submission made to King John when Plusquam viginti Reguli maximo timore perterriti homagium ei & fidelitatem fecerunt as the same Author writeth or upon the third general submission made to King Richard the second when they did not only do Homage and fealty but bound themselves by Indentures and Oaths as is before expressed to become and continue loyal subjects to the Crown of England If any of these three Kings who came each of them twice in person into this Kingdom had upon these submissions of the Irishry received them all both Lords and Tenants into their immediate protection divided their several Countries into Counties made Sheriffs Coroners and Wardens of the peace therein sent Justices Itinerants half yearly into every part of the Kingdom as well to punish Malefactors as to hear and determine causes between party and party according to the course of the Laws of England taken surrenders of their Lands and Territories and granted Estates unto them to hold by English Tenors granted them Markers Fairs and other Franchises and erected Corporate Towns among them all which hath been performed since his Majesty came to the Crown assuredly the Irish Countries had long since been reform and reduced to Peace Plenty and Civility which are the effects of Laws and good Government they had builded Houses planted Orchards and Gardens erected Town-ships and made provision for their posterities there had been a perfect Union betwixt the Nations and consequently a perfect Conquest of Ireland For the Conquest is never perfect till the war be at an end and the war is not at an end till their be peace and unity and there can never be Unity and Concord in any one Kingdom but where there is but one King one Allegiance and one Law The English Laws were executed only in the English Colonies TRue it is that King John made twelve shires in Leinster and Monster namely Dublin Kildare Meth Vriel Catherlogh Kilkenny Wexford Waterford Cork Limerick Kerry and Tipperary Yet these Counties did stretch no farther than the Lands of the English Colonies did extend In them only were the English Laws published and put in Execution and in them only did the Itinerant Judges make their circuits and visitations of Justice and not in the Countries possessed by the Irishry which contained two third parts of the Kingdom at least And therefore King Edward the first before the Court of Parliament was established in Ireland did transmit the Statutes of England in this form Dominus Rex mandavit Breve suum in haec verba Archiu in Castro Dublin Edwardus Dei gratia Rex Angliae Dominus Hiberniae etc. Cancellario suo Hiberniae Salutem Quaedam statuta per nos de assensu Praelatorum Comitum Baronum & Communitat regni nostri nuper apud Lincoln & quaedam alia statuta postmodum apud Eborum facta quae in dicta terra nostra Hiberniae ad Communem utilitatem populi nostri ejusdem terrae observari volumus vobis mittimus sub sigillo nostro mandantes quod statuta illa in dicta Cancellaria nostra Custodiri ac in rotulis ejusdem Cancellariae irrotulari & ad singulas placeas nostras in terra nostra Hiberniae & singulos Commitatus ejusdem terrae mitti faciatis ministris nostris placearum illarum & Vicecomitibus dictorum Comitatum mandantes quod statuta illa coram ipsis publicari & ea in omnibus & singulis Articulis suis observari firmiter faciatis Testè meipso apud Nottingham etc. By which Writ and by all the Pipe-Rolls of that time it is manifest that the Laws of England were published and put in execution only in the Counties which were then made and limited and not in the Irish Countries which were neglected and left wild and have but of late years been divided in one and twenty Counties more Again true it is that by the Statute of Kilkenny enacted in this Kingdom in the fortieth year of King Edward the Third the Brehon Law was condemned and abolished and the use and practice thereof made High-Treason But this Law extended to the English only and not to the Irish For the Law is penned in this form Item Forasmuch as the diversity of Government by divers Laws in one Land Statut. de Kilkenny c. 4. doth make diversity of ligeance and debates between the people It is accorded and established that hereafter no English man have debate with another English man but according to the course of the Common Law And that no English man be ruled in the definition of their debates by the March-Law or the Brehon Law which by reason ought not to be named a Law but an evil Custom but that they be ruled as right is by the common Law of the Land as the Liege's of our Sovereign Lord the King And if any do to the contrary and thereof be attainted that he be taken and imprisoned and judged as a Traitor And that hereafter there be no diversity of ligeance between the English born in Ireland and the English born in England but that all be called and reputed English and the Liege's of our Sovereign Lord the KING etc. This Law was made only to reform the degenerate English but there was no care taken for the reformation of the mere Irish no Ordinance no provision made for the abolishing of their barbarous Customs and manners Insomuch as the Law then made for Apparel and riding in Saddles after the English fashion is penal only to English men and not to the Irish But the Roman State which conquered so many Nations both barbarous and Civil The Romans did communicate their laws to the nations which they conquerred and therefore knew by experience the best and readiest way of making a perfect and absolute conquest refused not to communicate their Laws to the rude and barbarous people whom they had Conquered neither did they put them out of their protection after they had once submitted themselves But chose it is said of Julius Caesar Quâ vicit victos protegit ille manu And again of another Emperor Fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam Profuit invitis te dominante capi Dumque offers victis proprii consortia juris Vrbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat And of Rome itself Haec est in gremium vict os quae sola recepit Humanumque genus communi nomine fovit Matris non dominae ritu Civesque vocavit Quos domuit nexusque pio longinqua revinxit Tacitus in vita Agricolae Therefore as Tacitus writeth Julius Agricola the Roman General in Britain used this policy to make a perfect Conquest of our Ancestors the ancient Britain's They were saith he rude and dispersed and therefore prone upon every occasion to make war but to induce them by pleasure to quietness and rest he exhorted them in private and gave them helps in common to build Temples Houses and places of public resort The Nobleman's Sons he took and instructed in the Liberal Sciences etc. preferring the wits of the Britain's before the Students of France as being now curious to attain the Eloquence of the Roman Language whereas they lately rejected that speech After that the Roman Attire grew to be in account and the Gown to be in use among them and so by little and little they proceeded to curiosity and delicacies in Buildings and furniture of Household in Baths and exquisite Banquets and so being come to the height of Civility they were thereby brought to an absolute subjection LIkewise our Norman Conqueror William the Conqueror governed both the Normans and the English under one Law though he oppressed the English Nobility very sore and gave away to his servitors the Lands and possessions of such as did oppose his first invasion though he caused all his Acts of Counsel to be published in French and some legal proceedings and plead to be framed and used in the same tongue as a mark and badge of a conquest yet he governed All both English and Normans by one and the same Law which was the ancient common Law of England long before the Conquest Neither did he deny any English Man that submitted himself unto him The benefit of that Law though it were against a Norman of the best rank and in greatest favour as appeared in the notable Controversy between Warren the Norman and Sherburne of Sherburne Castle in Norfolk Camden in Norfolk for the Conqueror had given that Castle to Warren yet when the Inheritors thereof had alleged before the King that he never boar Arms against him that he was his subject as well as the other and that he did inherit and hold his Lands by the rules of that Law which the King had established among all his Subjects The King gave judgement against Warren and commanded that Sherborne should hold his land in peace By this means himself obtained a peaceable possession of the Kingdom within few years whereas if he had cast all the English out of his protection and held them as Aliens and Enemies to the Crown the Normans perhaps might have spent as much time in the Conquest of England as the English have spent in the Conquest of Ireland THe like prudent course hath been observed in reducing of Wales K. Edw. 1. did communicate the English laws to the Welshmen which was performed partly by King Edward the first and altogether finished by King Henry the eighth For we find by the Statute of Rutland made the 12. of Edward the first when the Welshmen had submitted themselves De alto & Basso to that King he did not reject and cast them off as Outlaws and Enemies but caused their Laws and customs to be examined which were in many points agreeable to the Irish or Brehon Law Quibus diligenter auditis & plenius intellectis quasdam illarum saith the King in that Ordinance Consilio procerum delevimus quasdam permissimus quasdam correximus ac etiam quasdam alias adjiciendas & faciend decrevimus and so established a Commonwealth among them according to the form of the English Government After this by reason of the sundry insurrections of the Barons the Wars in France and the dissension between the houses of York and Lancaster the State of England neglected or omitted the execution of this Statute of Rutland so as a great part of Wales grew wild and barbarous again And therefore King Henry the eighth by the Statutes of 27. and 32. of his reign did revive and recontinue that Noble work begun by King Edward the first and brought it indeed to full perfection For he united the Dominion of Wales to the Crown of England and divided it into Shires and erected in every Shire one Burrough as in England and enabled them to send Knights and Burgesses to the Parliament established a Court of Presidency and ordained that Justices of Assize and Gaol-delivery should make their half year circuits there as in England made all the Laws and Statutes of England in force there and among other Welsh Customs abolished that of Gavelkinde whereby the Heirs-Females were utterly excluded and the Bastards did inherit as well as the Legitimate which is the very Irish Gavelkinde By means whereof that entire Country in a short time was securely settled in peace and Obedience and hath attained to that Civility of Manners and plenty of all things as now we find it not inferior to the best parts of England I will therefore knit up this point with these conclusions First that the Kings of England which in former Ages attempted the Conquest of Ireland being ill advised and counselled by the great men here did not upon the submissions of the Irish communicate their Laws unto them nor admit them to the state and condition of Free-subjects Secondly that for the space of 200. years at ●east after the first arrival of Henry the second in Ireland the Irish would gladly have embraced the Laws of England and did earnestly desire the benefit and protection thereof which being denied them did of necessity cause a continual bordering war between the English and the Irish And lastly if according to the examples before recited they had reduced as well the Irish Countries as the English Colonies under one form of civil government as now they are the Meers and Bounds of the Marches and Borders had been long since worn out and forgotten Giraldus Cambrensis l. 2. de Hibernia expugnata for it is not fit as Cambrensis writeth that a King of an Island should have any Marches or Borders but the four Seas both Nations had been incorporated and united Ireland had been entirely Conquered Planted and Improved and returned a rich Revenue to the Cr●wn of England 2. The Lands conquered from the Irish were not well distributed THE next error in the Civil policy which hindered the perfection of the Conquest of Ireland did consist in the Distribution of the Lands and Possessions which were won and conquered from the Irish For the Scopes of Land which were granted to the first Adventures were too large and the Liberties and Royalties which they obtained therein were too great for Subjects though it stood with reason that they should be rewarded liberally out of the fruits of their own Labours since they did Militare propriis stipendiis and received no pay from the Crown of England Notwithstanding there ensued divers inconveniences that gave great impediment to the Conquest FIrst The proportions of Land granted to the first Adventurers were too large● Giraldus Cambrensis l. 2. the l●●bernia expugnata the Earl Strongbow was entitled to the whole Kingdom of Leinster partly by Invasion and partly by Marriage albeit he surrendered the same entirely to King Henry the second his Sovereign for that with his licence he came over and with the Aid of his Subjects he had gained that great inheritance yet did the King regrant back again to him and his Heirs all that Province reserving only the City of Dublin In Arch. Tur. 5 Ed. 3. escheat numero 104. and the canters next adjoining with the Maritime Towns and principal Forts and Castles Next the same King granted to Robert Fitz-Stephen and Miles Cogan the whole Kingdom of Cork 2 Johan Chart. m. 15. & m. 38. from Lismore to the Sea To Philip Bruce he gave the whole Kingdom of Limerick with the Donation of Bishopwricks and Abbeys except the City and one Cantred of land adjoining 6 Johan Chart. m. 1. 7 Johan Chart. m. 12. & n. 109. 6 Edw. 1. Chart. m. 19.18 Ed. 1. m. 29. Girald Cambr. l. 2. de Hibernia expug All Ireland distributed to ten persons of the English Nation To Sir Hugh de Lacie all Meath To Sir John de Courcy all Ulster To William Burke Fitz-Adelm the greatest part of Conaght In like manner Sir Thomas de Clare obtained a grant of all Thomond and Otho de Grandison of all Tipperary and Robert le Poer of the Territory of Waterford the City itself and the Cantred of the Oastmen only excepted And thus was all Ireland Cantonized among ten persons of the English Nation and though they had not gained the possession of one third part of the whole Kingdom yet in Title they were Owners and Lords of all so as nothing was left to be granted to the Natives And therefore we do not find in any Record or story for the space of three hundred years after these Adventurers first arrived in Ireland 6 H. 3. Chart. m. 2. that any Irish Lord obtained a grant of his Country from the Crown but only the King of Thomond who had a grant but during King Henry the third his Minority and Rotherick O Connor King of Conaght to whom King Henry the second Hovend in H. 2. fol. 302. Archiu tur 17 Johan Chart. m. 3. before this distribution made did grant as is before declared  sit Rex sub eo and moreover  teneat terram suam Conactiae it a been & in pace sicut tenuit antequam Dominus Rex intravit Hiberniam And whose Successor 6 Johan Claus m. 18. in the 24 of Henry the third when the Bourkeses had made a strong Plantation there and had well-nigh expelled him out of his Territory he came over into England as Matth. Matth. Paris in Henry the third Paris writeth and made complaint to King Henry the third of this Invasion made by the Bourkeses upon his Land insisting upon the grants of King Henry the second and King John and affirming that he had duly paid an yearly tribute of five thousand marks for his Kingdom Whereupon the King called unto him the Lord Maurice fitz-Girald who was then Lord Justice of Ireland and Precedent in the Court and commanded him that he should root out that unjust plantation which Hubert Earl of Kent had in the time of his greatness planted in those parts and wrote withal to the great men of Ireland to remove the Bourks' and to establish the King of Conaght in the quiet possession of his Kingdom Howbeit I do not read that the King of England's commandment or direction in this behalf was ever put in execution For the troth is 3 Hen. 3. Richard de Burgo had obtained a grant of all Conaght after the death of the King of Conaght then living For which he gave a thousand pound as the Record in the Tower reciteth the third of Henry the third claus 2. And besides our great English Lords could not endure that any Kings should Reign in Ireland but themselves nay they could hardly endure that the Crown of England itself should have any Jurisdiction or Power over them For many of these Lords The liberties granted to the first Adventurers were too great Eight Counties Palatines in Ireland at one time to whom our Kings had granted these petty Kingdoms did by virtue and colour of these Grants claim and exercise Jura Regalia within their Territories insomuch as there were no less than eight Counties Palatines in Ireland at one time For William Marshal Earl of Pembroke who married the Daughter and Heir of Strongbow being Lord of all Leinster had Royal Jurisdiction throughout all that Province annal Hiberniae in Camden This great Lord had five sons and five daughters every of his sons enjoyed that Seignory successively and yet all died without issue Then this great Lordship was broken and divided and partition made between the five daughters who were married into the Noblest Houses of England The County of Catherlough was allotted to the eldest In Arch●u● 1● E●w 3. 〈…〉 Wexford to the sec●nd Kilkenny to the third Kildare to the fourth the greatest part of Leix now called the Queen's County to the fifth In every of these portions the Ceparceners severally exercised the same Jurisdiction Royal which the Earl Marshal and his Sons had used in the whole Province Five Counties Palatines in Leinster Whereby it came to pass that there were five County Palatines erected in Leinster Then had the Lord of Meath the same Royal liberty in all that Territory the Earl of Ulster in all that Province Archiu in Castro Dublin and the Lord of Desmond and Kerry within that County All these appear upon Record and were all as ancient as the time of King John Archiu Tur. pat 3. E. 3. m. 28. only the liberty of Tipperary which is the only Liberty that remaineth at this day was granted to James Butler the first Earl of Ormond in the third year of King Edward the third These absolute Palatines made Barons and Knights did exercise high Justice in all points within their Territories erected Courts for Criminal and Civil Causes Archiu in Castro Dublin and for their own Revenues in the same form as the King's Courts were established at Dublin made their own Judges Seneshals Sheriffs Coroners and Escheators so as the King's Writ did not run in these Counties which took up more than two parts of the English Colonies but only in the Church Lands lying within the same which were called the Cross wherein the King made a Sheriff And so in each of these Counties Palatines there were two Sheriffs One of the Liberty and another of the Cross As in Meath we find a Sheriff of the Liberty and a Sheriff of the Cross And so in Ulster and so in Wexford And so at this day the Earl of Ormond maketh a Sheriff of the Liberty and the King a Sheriff of the Cross of Tipperary Hereby it is manifest how much the King's Jurisdiction was restrained and the power of these Lords enlarged by these High Privileges And it doth further appear by one Article among others preferred to King Edward the third touching the Reformation of the state of Ireland which we find in the Tower in these words Item les Francheses' grants in Ireland que sont Roialles tells come Duresme & Cestre vous oustont cybien de les profits Come the grand party the Obeisance des persons enfrancheses & en quescum frenchese est Chancellerie Chequer & conusans the pleas cybien de la Coronne Come autres communes & grantont auxi Charters de pardon & sont sovent per ley et reasonable cause seisses en vostre main a grand profit de vous & leigerment restitues per mandment horse de Englettere a damage etc. Unto which Article the King made answer Le Roy voet que les franchese que sont et serront per just cause prizes en sa main ne soent my restitues avaunt que le Roy soit certifie de la cause de la prise de acelles 26 Ed. 3. claus m. 1. Again these great Undertakers were not tied to any form of Plantation but all was left to their discretion and pleasure And although they builded Castles and made Freeholders' yet were there no Tenors or Services reserved to the Crown but the Lords drew all the respect and dependency of the common people unto Themselves Now let us see what inconveniences did arise by these large and ample Grants of Lands and Liberties to the first Adventurers in the Conquest ASsuredly by these Grants of whole Provinces and petty Kingdoms The inconveniences which grew by the large grants of lands & liberties those few English Lords pretended to be Proprietors of all the Land so as there was no possibility left of settling the Natives in their Possessions and by consequence the conquest became impossible without the utter extirpation of all the Irish which these English Lords were not able to do nor perhaps willing if they had been able Notwithstanding because they did still hope to become Lords of those Lands which were possessed by the Irish whereunto they pretended Title by their large Grants and because they did fear that if the Irish were received into the King's protection and made Liege-men and Free-Subjects the State of England would establish them in their Possessions by Grants from the Crown reduce their Countries into Counties ennoble some of them and enfranchise all and make them amesueable to the Law which would have abridged and cut off a great part of that greatness which they had promised unto themselves they persuaded the King of England that it was unfit to communicate the Laws of England unto them that it was the best policy to hold them as Aliens and Enemies and to prosecute them with a continual War The English Lords in Ireland made war & peace at their pleasure Hereby they obtained another Royal Prerogative and Power which was to make War and Peace at their pleasure in every part of the Kingdom Which gave them an absolute command over the bodies lands and goods of the English Subjects here And besides the Irish inhabiting the lands fully conquered and reduced being in condition of Slaves and Villains did render a greater Profit and Revenue than if they had been made the King's Free-Subjects And for these two causes last expressed they were not willing to root out all the Irishry We may not therefore marvel that when King Edward the third upon the Petition of the Irish as is before remembered was desirous to be certified De voluntate magnatum suorum in proximo Parliamento in Hibernia tenend si sine alieno praejudicio concedere possit quod per statut inde fact Hibernici utantur legibus Anglicanis sive Chartis Regiis inde Impetrandis that there was never any Statute made to that effect For the troth is that those great English Lords did to the uttermost of their power across and withstand the enfranchisement of the Irish for the causes before expressed Wherein I must still clear and acquit the Crown and State of England of negligence or ill policy and lay the fault upon the Pride Covetousness and ill counsel of the English planted here which in all former ages have been the chief impediments of the final conquest of Ireland AGain those large scopes of Land The war and dissension of the English Lords one with another and great Liberties with the absolute power to make War and Peace did raise the English Lords to that height of Pride and Ambition as that they could not endure one another but grew to a mortal War and Dissension among themselves as appeareth by all the Records and Stories of this Kingdom First in the year 1204. the Lacies of Meath made War upon Sir John Courcy who having taken him by treachery sent him prisoner into England annal Hiberniae in Camd. In the year 1210. King John coming over in person expelled the Lacies out of the Kingdom for their Tyranny and oppression of the English howbeit upon payment of great Fines they were afterward restored In the year 1228. that family being risen to a greater height for Hugh de Lacie the younger was created Earl of Ulster after the death of Courcy without issue there arose dissension and War between that house and William Marshal Lord of Leinster whereby all Meath was destroyed and laid waste In the year 1264. Sir Walter Bourke having married the Daughter and Heir of Lacie whereby he was Earl of Ulster in right of his Wife had mortal debate with Maurice Fitzmorice the Geraldine for certain Lands in Conaght So as all Ireland was full of Wars between the Bourkeses and the Geraldines say our Annals Wherein Maurice Fitzmorice grew so insolent as that upon a meeting at Thistledermot he took the Lord Justice himself Sir Richard Capel Prisoner with divers Lords of Munster being then in his Company In the year 1288. Richard Bourke Earl of Ulster commonly called the Red Earl pretending title to the Lordship of Meath made war upon Sir Theobald de Verdun and besieged him in the Castle of Athlone Again in the year 1292. John Fitz-Thomas the Geraldine having by contention with the Lord Vesci gotten a goodly inheritance in Kildare grew to that height of imagination saith the story as he fell into difference with divers great Noblemen and among many others with Richard the Red Earl whom he took Prisoner Annal Hiber in Ca● and detained him in Castle-Ley and by that dissension the English on the one side and the Irish on the other did waste and destroy all the Country After in the year 1311. the same Red Earl coming to besiege Bonratty in Thomond annal Johan Clyn. Manusc which was then held by Sir Richard de Clare as his inheritance was again taken prisoner And all his Army consisting for the most part of English overthrown and cut in pieces by Sir Richard de Clare And after this again in the year 1327. most of the great Houses were banded one against another viz. The Giraldines Butlers and Breminghams' on the one side and the Bourks' and Poers on the other The ground of the quarrel being none other but that the Lord Arnold Poer had called the Earl of Kildare Rhymer But this quarrel was prosecuted with such malice and violence as the Counties of Waterford and Kilkenny were destroyed with fire and sword till a Parliament was called of purpose to quiet this dissension Shortly after the Lord John Bremingham who was not long before made Earl of Louth for that noble service which he performed upon the Scots between dundalk and the Faher was so extremely envied by the Gernons Verdons and others of the ancient Colony planted in the County of Louth as that in the year 1329. they did most wickedly betray and murder that Earl with divers principal Gentlemen of his name and family using the same speech that the Rebellious Jews are said to use in the Gospel Nolumus hunc regnare super nos After this the Geraldines and the Butlers being become the most potent families in the Kingdom for the great Lordship of Leinster was divided among Coparceners whose Heirs for the most part lived in England and the Earldom of Ulster with the Lordship of Meath by the match of Lionel Duke of Clarence at last descended upon the Crown had almost a continual war one with another Baron Finglas Manusc In the time of King Henry the sixth saith Baron Finglas in his Discourse of the Decay of Ireland in a sight between the Earls of Ormond and Desmond almost all the Townsmen of Kilkenny were slain And as they followed contrary parties during the Wars of York and Lancaster so after that civil dissension ended in England these Houses in Ireland continued their opposition and feud still even till the time of K. Henry the eight when by the Marriage of Margaret Fitz-Girald to the Earl of Ossory the houses of Kildare and Ormond were reconciled and have continued in amity ever since Thus these great Estates and Royalties granted to the English Lords in Ireland begat Pride and Pride begat Contention among themselves which brought forth divers mischiefs that did not only disable the English to finish the conquest of all Ireland but did endanger the loss of what was already gained And of Conquerors made them Slaves to that Nation which they did intend to Conquer For whensoever one English Lord had vanquished another the Irish waited and took the opportunity and fell upon that Country which had received the blow and so daily recovered some part of the Lands which were possessed by the English Colonies Besides the English Lords to strengthen their parties did alley themselves with the Irish and drew them in Stat. 10 H. 7. c. 4. to dwell among them gave their Children to be fostered by them and having no other means to pay or reward them suffered them to take Coin and Livery upon the English Freeholders' Rot. Parl. in castro Dublin which Oppression was so intolerable as that the better sort were enforced to quit their Free-holds and fly into England and never returned though many Laws were made in both Realms to remand them back again and the rest which remained became degenerate and mere Irish as is before declared And the English Lords finding the Irish exactions to be more profitable than the English Rents and services and loving the Irish Tyranny which was tied to no Rules of Law or Honour better than a just and lawful Seignory did reject and cast off the English Law and Government received the Irish Laws and Customs took Irish Surnames as Mac William Baron Finglas Manuscript Mac Pheris Mac Yoris refused to come to the Parliaments which were summoned by the King of England's Authority and scorned to obey those English Knights which were sent to command and govern this Kingdom Namely Sir Richard Capel Sir John Morris Sir John Darcy and Sir Ralph Vfford And when Sir Anthony Lucy a man of great Authority in the time of King Edward the third was sent over to reform the notorious abuses of this Kingdom Archiu Tur. 5. Ed. 3. claus m. 4. the King doubting that he should not be obeyed directed a special Writ or Mandate to the Earl of Ulster and the rest of the Nobility to assist him And afterwards the same King upon good advice and Counsel resumed those excessive Grants of Lands and Liberties in Ireland by a special ordinance made in England which remaineth of Record in the Tower in this form Quia plures excessivoe donationes terrarum & libertatum in Hibernia ad subdolam machinationem petentium factae sunt etc. Rex delusorias hujusmodi machinationes volens elidere Archiu tur 15. Ed. 3. claus m. 4. de consilio peritorum sibi assistentium omnes donationes Terrarum & libertatum predict duxit revocandas quousque de meritis donatoriorum & causis ac qualitatibus donationum melius fuerit informat & ideo mandatum est Justiciario Hiberniae quod seisiri faciat etc. Howbeit there followed upon this resumption such a division and faction between the English of Birth and the English of blood and race as they summoned and held several Parliaments apart one from the other Whereupon there had risen a general war betwixt them to the utter extinguishing of the English Name and Nation in Ireland if the Earl of Desmond annal Hiberniae in Camden who was head of the faction against the English of Birth had not been sent into England and detained there for a time yet afterwards these liberties being restored by direction out of England the 26. of Edward the third complaint was made to the King of the easy restitution whereunto the King made answer as is before expressed so as we may conclude this point with that which we find in the Annals published by Master Camden H●bernici debellati & consumpti fuissent nisi seditio Anglicorum impedivisse● Whereunto I may add this note that though some are of opinion that Grants of extraordinary Honours and Liberties made by a King to his Subjects do no more diminish his greatness than when one Torch lighteth another for it hath no less light that it had before Quis vetat apposito lumen de lumine sumi Yet many time● inconveniences do arise thereupon and those Princes have held up their Sovereignty best The first Adventurers obtained these liberal Grants because the Kings of England d●d not prosecute the war at their own charge which have been sparing in those Grants And truly as these Grants of little Kingdoms and great Royalties to a few private persons did produce the mischiefs spoken of before So the true cause of the making of these Grants did proceed from this That the Kings of England being otherwise employed and diverted did not make the Conquest of Ireland their own work and undertake it not royally at their own charge but as it was first begun by particular Adventurers so they left the prosecution thereof to them and other voluntaries who came to seek their fortunes in Ireland wherein if they could prevail they thought that in reason and honour they could do no less than make them proprietors of such scopes of Land as they could conquer people and plant at their own charge reserving only the Sovereign Lordship to the Crown of England But if the Lion had gone to hunt himself the shares of the Inferior Beasts had not been so great If the invasion had been made by an army transmitted furnished and supplied only at the King's charges and wholly paid with the King's Treasure as the Armies of Queen Elizabeth and King James have been as the conquest had been sooner achieved so the serviters had been contented with lesser proportions For when Scipio Pompey Caesar and other Generals of the Roman Armies as Subjects and Servants of that State How the State of Rome rewarded their men of war and with the public charge had conquered many Kingdoms and Commonweals we find them rewarded with Honourable Offices and Triumphs at their return and not made Lords and proprietors of whole Provinces and Kingdoms which they had subdued William the Conqueror to the Empire of Rome Likewise when the Duke of Normandy had conquered England which he made his own work and performed it in his own person he distributed sundry Lordships and Manors unto his followers but gave not away whole Shires and Countries in demean to any of his servitors whom he most desired to advance Camden in Chester Only he made Hugh Lupus County Palatine of Chester and gave that Earldom to him and his Heirs to hold the same Ita liberè ad gladium sicut Rex tenebat Angliam ad Coronam Whereby that Earldom indeed had a royal Jurisdiction and Seignory though the Lands of that County in demean were possessed for the most part by the ancient Inheritors Again from the time of the Norman Conquest Wales distributed to the L. Marchers till the reign of King Edward the first many of our English Lords made war upon the Welshmen at their own charge the Lands which they gained they held to their own use were called Lords Marchers and had Royal Liberties within their Lordships Howbeit these particular Adventurers could never make a perfect Conquest of Wales But when King Edward the first came in person with his army thither kept his residence and Court there made the reducing of Wales an enterprise of his own he finished that work in a year or two whereof the Lords Marchers had not performed a third part with their continual bordering war for two hundred years before And withal we may observe that though this King had now the Dominion of Wales in Jure proprietatis as the Statute of Rutland affirmeth which before was subject unto him but in Jure feodali And though he had lost divers principal Knights and Noblemen in that war yet did he not reward his servitors with whole Countries or Counties but with particular Manors and Lordships as to Henry Lacie Earl of Lincoln he gave the Lordship of Denbigh and to Reignold Grace the Lordship of Ruthen and so to others And if the like course had been used in the winning and distributing the lands of Ireland that Island had been fully conquered before the continent of Wales had been reduced But the troth is when Private men attempt the Conquest of Countries at their own charge commonly their erterprises do perish without success as when in the time of Queen Elizabeth Sir Thomas Smith undertook to recover the Ardes and Chatterton to reconquer then Fues and Orier The one lost his Son and the other Himself and both their Adventures came to nothing And as for the Crown of England it hath had the like fortune in the Conquest of this land as some purchasers have who desire to buy land at too easy a Rate they find those cheap purchases so full of trouble as they spend twice as much as the Land is worth before they get the quiet possession thereof And as the best policy was not observed in the distribution of the conquered Lands so as I conceive that the first Adventurers intending to make a full Conquest of the Irish were deceived in the choice of the fittest places for their plantation For they sat down and erected their Castles and Habitations in the Plains and open Countries where they found most fruitful and profitable Lands and turned the Irish into the Woods and Mountains Which as they were proper places for Outlaws and Thiefs so were they their Natural Castles and Fortifications thither they drove their preys and stealths there they lurked and lay in wait to do mischief These fast places they kept unknown by making the ways and Entries thereunto impassable there they kept their Creaghts or Herds of Cattle living by the milk of the Cow without Husbandry or Tillage there they increased and multiplied unto infinite numbers by promiscuous generation among themselves there they made their Assemblies and Conspiracies without discovery But they discovered the weakness of the English dwelling in the open plains and thereupon made their sallies and retreats with great advantage Whereas on the other side if the English had builded their Castles and Towns in those places of fastness and had driven the Irish into the Plains and open Countries where they might have had an eye and observation upon them the Irish had been easily kept in Order and in short time reclaimed from their wildeness there they would have used Tillage dwelled together in Town-ships and learned Mechanical Arts and Sciences The woods had been wasted with the English Habitations as they are about the Forts of Mariborough and Philipston which were built in the fastest places in Leinster and the ways and passages throughout Ireland would have been as clear and open as they are in England at this day AGain if King Henry the Second The English Lords did not reduce the woods and wastes in Forests and Parks Chart. the forest c. 2. & 3. who is said to be the King that Conquered this Land had made Forests in Ireland as he did enlarge the Forests in England for it appeareth by Charta de Foresta that he afforrested many woods and wastes to the grievance of the Subject which by that Law were disaforrested or if those English Lords amongst whom the whole Kingdom was divided had been good Hunters and had reduced the Mountains Bogs and Woods within the limits of Forests Chases and Parks assuredly the very Forest Law and the Law de Malefactoribus in parcis would in time have driven them into the Plains and Countries inhabited and manured and have made them yield up their fast places to those wild Beasts which were indeed less hurtful and wild than they But it seemeth strange to me that in all the Records of this Kingdom I seldom find any mention made of a Forest and never of any Park or Free-warren considering the great plenty both of Vert and Venison within this Land and that the chief of the Nobility and Gentry are descended of English race and yet at this day there is but one Park stored with Deer in all this Kingdom which is a Park of the Earl of Ormonds near Kilkenny It is then manifest by that which is before expressed that the not communicating of the English laws to the Irish the over large Grants of Lands and Liberties to the English the plantation made by the English in the Plains and open Countries leaving the Woods and Mountains to the Irish were great Defects in the Civil policy and hindered the perfection of the Conquest very much Howbeit notwithstanding these Defects and Errors the English Colonies stood and maintained themselves in a reasonable good estate as long as they retained their own ancient Laws and customs according to that of Ennius The English Colonies rejected the English laws and customs and embraced the Irish Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque But when the civil Government grew so weak and so loose as that the English Lords would not suffer the English laws to be put in execution within their Territories and Signories but in place thereof both they and their people embraced the Irish customs Then the estate of things like a Game at Irish was so turned about as the English which hoped to make a perfect Conquest of the Irish were by them perfectly and absolutely conquered because Victi victoribus leges dedere A just punishment to our Nation that would not give Laws to the Irish when they might and therefore now the Irish gave Laws to them Therefore this Defect and failing of the English Justice in the English Colonies and the inducing of the Irish customs in lieu thereof was the main impediment that did arrest and stop the course of the Conquest and was the only mean that enabled the Irishry to recover their strength again The Nature of Irish Customs FOr if we consider the Nature of the Irish Customs we shall find that the people which doth use them must of necessity be Rebels to all good Government destroy the commonwealth wherein they live and bring Barbarism and desolation upon the richest and most fruitful Land of the World The Irish laws and customs differing from the laws and customs of all civil Nations For whereas by the just and Honourable Law of England and by the Laws of all other well-governed Kingdoms and Commonweals Murder Manslaughter Rape Robbery and Theft are punished with death By the Irish Custom or Brehon Law the highest of these offences was punished only by Fine which they called an Ericke Therefore when Sir William Fitz-Williams being Lord Deputy The Irish law in criminal causes told Maguyre that he was to send a Sheriff into Fermannagh being lately before made a County your Sheriff sa●d Maguyre shall be welcome to me but let me know his Ericke or the price of his head afore hand that if my people cut it off I may cut the Ericke upon the Country As for Oppression Extortion and other trespasses the weaker had never any remedy against the stronger whereby it came to pass that no man could enjoy his Life his Wife his Lands or Goods in safety if a mightier man than himself had an appetite to take the same from him Wherein they were little better than Cannibal who do hunt one another and he that hath most strength and swiftness doth eat and devour all his fellows Again in England and all well ordered Common-wea●s Men have certain estates in their Lands and possessions and their inheritances descend from Father to Son wh●ch doth give them encouragement to build and to plant and to improve their Lands and to make them better for their posterities But by the Irish Custom of Tanistry The Irish custom of tanistry the Chieftanes of every Country and the chief of every Sept had no longer estate than for life in their Cheefe●ies the inheritance whereof did ●est in no man And these Cheeferies though they had some portions of Lands allotted unto them did consist chiefly in cuttings and Cosheries and other Irish exactions whereby they did spoil and impoverish the people at their pleasure And when their Chieftanes were dead their Sons or next heirs did not succeed them but their Tanistes who were Elective and purchased their elections by strong hand And by the Irish Custom of Gavelkinde The Irish Custom of Gavel-kind the inferior Tennanties were partible amongst all the Males of the Sept both Bastards and Legitimate and after partition made if any one of the Sept had died his portion was not divided among his Sons but the chief of the sept made a new partition of all the Lands belonging to that Sept and gave every one his part according to his antiquity The mischiefs that arise by these two customs THese two Irish Customs made all their possessions uncertain being shuffled and changed and removed so often from one to another by new elections and partitions which uncertainty of estates hath been the true cause of such Desolation and Barbarism in this Land as the like was never seen in any Country that professed the name of Christ For though the Irishry be a Nation of great Antiquity and wanted neither wit nor valour and though they had received the Christian Faith above 1200 years since and were lovers of Music Poetry and all kind of Learning and possessed a Land abounding with all things necessary for the civil life of man yet which is strange to be related they did never build any houses of brick or stone some few poor Religious Houses excepted before the Reign of King Henry the second though they were Lords of this Island for many hundred years before and since the Conquest attempted by the English Albeit when they saw us build Castles upon their borders they have only in imitation of us erected some few piles for the Captains of the Country yet I dare boldly say that never any particular person either before or since did build any stone or brick house for his private habitation but such as have lately obtained estates according to the course of the Law of England Neither did any of them in all this time plant any Ga●dens or Orchards enclose or improve their Lands live together in settled Villages or Towns nor made any provision for posterity which being against all common sense and reason must needs be imputed to those unreasonable Customs which made their estates so uncertain and transitory in their possessions For who would plant or improve or build upon that Land which a stranger whom he knew not should possess after his death For that as Solomon noteth is one of the strangest vanities under the Sun And th●s is the true reason why Ulster and all the Irish Countries are found so waste and desolate at this day and so would they continue till the world's end if these customs were not abolished by the Law of England Again that Irish custom of Gavil-kinde did breed another mischief for thereby every man being born to Land as well Bastard as Legitimate they all held themselves to be Gentlemen And though their portions were never so small and themselves never so poor For Gavelkinde must needs in the and make a poor Gentility yet did they scorn to descend to Husbandry or Merchandise or to learn any Mechanical Art or Science And this is the true cause why there were never any Corporate Towns erected in the Irish Countries As for the Maritime Cities and Towns most certain it is that they were built and peopled by the Oostmen or Easterlings for the Natives of Ireland never performed so good a work as to build a City Besides these poor Gentlemen were so affected unto their small portions of Land as they rather chose to live at home by Theft Extortion and Coshering than to seek any better fortunes abroad which increased their Septs or Surnames into such numbers as the●e are not to be found in any Kingdom of Europe so many Gentlemen of one Blood Family and Surname as there are of the Oneals in Ulster of the Bourks' in Conaght of the Geraldine● and Butlers in Munster and Leinster And the like may be said of the inferior Bloods and Families whereby it came to pass in times of Trouble and Dissension that they made great parties and factions adhering one to another with much constancy because they were tied together Vinculo sanguinis whereas Rebels and Malefactors which are tied to their Leaders by no band either of Duty or blood do more easily break and fall off one from another And besides their co-habitation in one Country or Territory gave them opportunity suddenly to assemble and conspire and rise in multitudes against the Crown And even now in the time of peace we find this inconvenience that there can hardly be an indifferent trial had between the King and the Subject or between party and party by reason of this general Kindred and Consanguinity BUT the most wicked and michievous custom of all others The wicked customs of Coin and Livery was that of Coin and Livery often before mentioned which consisted in taking of Mans-meat Horse-meat and Money of all the inhabitants of the Country at the will and pleasure of the Soldier who as the phrase of Scripture is Did eat up the people as it were bread for that he had no other entertainment This Extortion was originally Irish for they used to lay Bonaght upon their people and never gave their Soldier any other pay The mischiefs that did arise by Coin and Livery But when the English had learned it they used it with more insolency and made it more intolerable for this oppression was not temporary or limited either to place or time but because there was every where a continual War either Offensive or Defensive and every Lord of a Country and every Marcher made War and Peace at his pleasure it became universal and perpetual and was indeed the most heavy oppression that ever was used in any Christian or Heathen Kingdom And therefore Vox Oppressorum this crying sin did draw down as great or greater plagues upon Ireland than the oppression of the Israelites did draw upon the Land of Egypt For the plagues of Egypt though they were grievous were but of a short continuance But the plagues of Ireland lasted four hundred years together This Extortion of Coin and Livery did produce two notorious effects First it made the Land waste Next it made the people idle For The cause of idleness in the Irish when the Husbandman had laboured all the year the Soldier in one night did consume the fruits of all his labour Longique perit labour irritu● anni Had he reason then to manure the Land for the next year Or rather might he not complain as the Shepherd in Virgil Impius haec tam culta novalia miles habebit Barbarus has segetes En quo discordia cives Perduxit miseros En queis consevimus agros AND hereupon of necessity came depopulation banishment and extirpation of the better sort of Subjects and such as remained became idle and looke●s on expecting the event of those miseries and eull times So as this extreme Extortion and Oppression hath been the true cause of the idleness of this Irish Nation Why the Irish are Beggars in foreign Countries and that rather the vulgar sort have chosen to be Beggars in Foreign Countries than to manure their own fruitful Land at home Lastly Why the Irish are reputed a crafty people this oppression did of force and necessity make the Irish a crafty people for such as are oppressed and live in slavery are ever put to their shifts Ingenium mala saepe movent And therefore in the o●d Comedies of Plantus and Terence the Bondslave doth always act the cunning and crafty part Besides all the common people have a whining tune or Accent in their speech Why the Irish are inquisitive after news as if they did still smart or suffer some oppression And this idleness together with fear of imminent mischiefs which did continually hang over their heads have been the cause that the Irish were ever the most inquisitive people after news of any Nation in the World As S. Paul himself made observation upon the people of Athens that they were an idle people and did nothing but learn and tell news And because these News-carriers did by their false intelligence many times raise troubles and rebellions in this Realm the Statute of Kilkenny doth punish News-tellers by the name of Skelaghes with fine and ransom This Extortion of Coin and Livery was taken for the maintenance of their men of War but their Irish exactions extorted by the Chieftains and Tanists by colour of their barbarous signory were almost as grievous a burden as the other Cosherings namely Cosherings which were visitations and progresses made by the Lord and his followers among his Tenants wherein he did eat them as the English Proverb is Out of House and home Sessings Sessings of the Kern of his family called Kernety of his Horses and Horse-boys of his Dogs and Dog-boys and the like And lastly Cuttings Cuttings Tallages or Spend high or low at his pleasure all which made the Lord an absolute Tyrant and the Tenant a very Slave and Villain and in one respect more miserable than Bondslaves For commonly the Bondslave is fed by his Lord but here the Lord was fed by his Bondslave Lastly there were two other Customs proper and peculiar to the Irishry which being the cause of many strong Combinations and Factions do tend to the utter ruin of a Commonwealth The one was Fostering the other Gossipred both which have ever been of greater estimation among this people than with any other Nation in the Christian World For Fostering I did never hear or read that it was in that use or reputation in any other Country Barbarous or Civil as it hath been and yet is in Ireland where they put away all their children to Fosterers the potent and rich men Sellings the meaneri sort Buying the alterage of their Children and the reason is because in the opinion of this people Fostering hath always been a stronger alliance than Blood and the Foster-childrens do love and are beloved of their Foster-fathers' and their Sept more than of their own natural Parents and Kindred and do participate of their means more frankly and do adhere unto them in all Fortunes with more affection and constancy And though Tully in his Book of Friendship doth observe that children of Princes being sometimes in cases of necessity for saving of their lives delivered to Shepherds to be nourished and bred up when they have been restored to their great fortunes have still retained their love and affection to their Fosterers whom for many years they took to be their Parents yet this was a rare case and few examples are to be found thereof But such a general custom in a Kingdom in giving and taking children to Foster making such a firm alliance as it doth in Ireland was never seen or heard of in any other Country of the World besides THE like may be said of Gossipred Gossipred or Compaternity which though by the Canon Law it be a Spiritual affinity and a Juror that was Goship to either of the parties might in former times have been challenged as not indifferent by our Law yet there was no Nation under the Sun that ever made so Religious account thereof as the Irish Now these two Customs which of themselves are indifferent in other Kingdoms became exceeding evil and full of mischief in this Realm by reason of the inconveniences which followed thereupon For they made as I said before strong parties and factions whereby the great men were enabled to oppress their Inferiors and to oppose their Equals and their followers were born out and countenanced in all their lewd and wicked actions For Fosterers and Gossips by the common custom of Ireland were to maintain one another in all causes lawful and unlawful which as it is a Combination and Confederacy punishable in all well-govern Commonweals so was it not one of the least causes of the common misery of this Kingdom I omit their common repudiation of their Wives their promiscuous generation of Children their neglect of lawful Matrimony their uncleanness in Apparel Diet and Lodging and their contempt and scorn of all things necessary for the civil life of man How the English Colonies because degenerate These were the Irish Customs which the English Colonies did embrace and use after they had rejected the Civil and Honourable Laws and Customs of England whereby they became Degenerate and Metamorphosed like Nabuchadnezzar who although he had the face of a man had the heart of a beast or like those who had drunk of Circe's Cup and were turned into very Beasts and yet took such pleasure in their beastly manner of life as they would not return to their shape of men again Insomuch as within less time than the age of a man they had no marks or differences left amongst them of that Noble Nation from which they were descended For as they did not only forget the English Language and scorn the use thereof but grew to be ashamed of their very English Names though they were Noble and of great Antiquity and took Irish Surnames and Nicknames Namely the two most potent Families of the Bourks' in Conaght after the House of the Red Earl failed of Heirs males called their Chiefs Mac William Fighter and Mac William Oughter In the same Province Bremingham Baron of Athenrie called himself Mac Yoris Dexecester or De'exon was called Mac Jordan Mangle or de Angulo took the name of Mac Costelo Of the Inferior families of the Bourkeses one was called Mac Hubbard another Mac David In Munster of the great Families of the Geraldines planted there one was called Mac Morice chief of the House of Lixnaw and another Mac Gibbon who was also called the White Knight The chief of the Baron of Dunboynes' house who is a branch of the House of Ormond took the Surnames of Mac Pheris Condon of the County of Waterford was called Mac Maioge and the  of the County of Kilkenny Mac Odo And this they did in contempt and hatred of the English Name and Nation whereof these degenerate families became more mortal enemies than the mere Irish And whereas the State and Government being grown weak by their defection did to reduce them to Obedience grant them many Protections and Pardons The cheapness whereof in all ages hath brought great dishonour and damage to this Commonweal they grew so ungrateful and unnatural as in the end they scorned that g●ace and favour because the acceptance thereof did argue them to be subjects and they desired rather to be accounted Enemies than Rebels to the Crown of England Hereupon was that old Verse made Alb. libr. Scacc. Dubls which I find written in the White Book of the Exchequer in a hand as ancient as the time of King Edward the third By granting Charters of pease To false English withouten les This Land shall be mich undoo But Gossipred and alterage And losing of our Language Have mickely holp thereto And therefore in a Close Roll in the Tower bearing this title Articuli in Hibernia observandi we find these two Articles among others 1. 5 Ed. 3. m. 25. Justiciarius Hiberniae non concedat perdonationes de morte hominis nec de Roberiis seu incendiis & quod de caetero certificet dominum regem de nominibus petentium 2. Item Quod nec Justiciarius nec aliquis Magnas Hiberniae concedat protectiones alicui contra pacem Regis existent etc. But now it is fit to look back and consider when the old English Colonies became so degenerate and in what age they fell away into that Irish Barbarism rejecting the English Laws and Customs When & how the English Colonies became degenerate Assuredly by comparing the ancient Annals of Ireland with the Records remaining here and in the Tower of London I do find that this general defection fell out in the latter end of the Reign of King Edward the second and in the beginning of the Reign of King Edward the third And all this great Innovation grew within the space of thirty years within the compass of which time there fell out divers mischievous accidents whereby the whole kingdom was in a manner lost The Scots overrun Ireland For first Edward de Bruce invaded Ireland with the Scottish Army and prevailed so far as that he possessed the Maritime parts of Ulster marched up to the walls of Dublin spoiled the English Pale passed through Leinster and Munster as far as Limerick and was Master of the field in every part of the Kingdom This happened in the tenth year of King Edward the second at what time the Crown of England was weaker and suffered more dishonour in both Kingdoms than it did at any time since the Norman Conquest annal Hiberniae in Camden Then did the State of England send over John de Hotham to be Treasurer here with commission to call the great Lords of Ireland together and to take of them an Oath of Association that they should loyally join together in life and death to preserve the right of the King of England and to expel the common enemy But this Treasurer brought neither men nor money to perform this service At that time though Richard Bourk Earl of Ulster commonly called the Red Earl were of greater power than any other Subject in Ireland yet was he so far stricken in years as that he was unable to manage the martial affairs as he had done during all the reign of King Edward the first having been General of the Irish forces not only in this Kingdom but in the Wars of Scotland Wales and Gascoign Desmond chief commander in the war against the Scots And therefore Maurice Fitz-Thomas of Desmond being then the most active Noble man in this Realm took upon him the chief command in this War for the support whereof the Revenue of this Land was far too short and yet no supply of Treasure was sent out of England Then was there no means to maintain the Army When and how the extortion of Coign and Livery began among the English but by Sessing the Soldiers upon the Subject as the Irish were wont to impose their Bonaught Whereupon grew that wicked Extortion of Coin and Livery spoken of before which in short time banished the greatest part of the Freeholders' out of the County of Kerry Limerirk Cork and Waterford Into whose possessions Desmond and his Kinsmen Allies and Followers which were then more Irish than English did enter and appropriate these Lands unto themselves Desmond himself taking what scopes he best liked for his demesnes in every Country and reserving an Irish Seignory out of the rest And here that I may verify and maintain by matter of Record that which is before delivered touching the Nature of this wicked Extortion called Coin and Livery and the manifold mischiefs it did produce I think it fit and pertinent to insert the preamble of the Statute of 10. of Henry seventh c. 4. not printed but recorded in Parliament Rolls of Dublin in these words At the request and supplication of the Commons of this Land of Ireland that where of long time there hath been used and exacted by the Lords and Gentlemen of this Land many and divers damnable customs and usages which been called Coin and Livery and Pay that is Horse meat and Man's meat for the finding of their Horsemen and Footmen and over that 4. d. or 6. d. daily to every of them to be had and paid of the poor Earth tilers and Tenants inhabitants of the said Land without any thing doing or paying therefore Besides many Murders Robberies Rapes and other manifold extortions and oppressions by the said Horsemen and Footmen daily and nightly committed and done which been the principal causes of the desolation and destruction of the said Land and hath brought the same into ruin and Decay so as the most part of the English Freeholders' and Tenants of this Land been departed out thereof some into the Realm of England and other some to other strange Lands whereupon the foresaid Lords and Gentlemen of this Land have intruded into the said Freeholders' and Tenant's inheritances and the same keepeth and occupieth as their own inheritances and setten under them in the same Land the King's Irish Enemies to the diminishing of Holy Churches Rites the disherison of the King and his obedient Subjects and the utter ruin and desolation of the Land For reformation whereof be it enacted That the King shall receive a Subsidy of 26. s. 8. d. out of every 120. acres of arable land manured etc. But to return to Thomas Fitz-Maurice of Desmond By this extortion of Coin and Livery he suddenly grew from a mean to a mighty estate insomuch as the Baron Finglas in his discourse of the decay of Ireland affirmeth that his ancient inheritance being not one thousand marks yearly he became able to dispend every way ten thousand pounds per annum These possessions being thus unlawfully gotten could not be maintained by the just and honourable Law of England which would have restored the true Owners to their Land again And therefore this Great man found no means to continue and uphold his ill-purchased greatness but by rejecting the English Law and Government and assuming in lieu thereof the barbarous customs of the Irish And hereupon followed the defection of those four shires containing the greatest part of Munster from the obedience of the Law In like manner saith Baron Finglas the Lord of Tipperary perceiving how well the house of Desmond had thrived by Coin and Livery and other Irish exactions began to hold the like course in the Counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny whereby he got great scopes of Land especially in Ormond and raised many Irish exactions upon the English Freeholders' there which made him so potent and absolute among them as at that time they knew no other Law than the will of their Lord Besides finding that the Earl of Desmond excluded the ordinary Ministers of Justice under colour of a Royal liberty which he claimed in the Counties of Kerry Cork and Waterford by a grant of King Edward the first as appeareth in a Quo warranto brought against him Anno 12. Edw. 1. the Record whereof remaineth in Breminghams' Tower among the common Plea-Rolls there This Lord also in the third of Edward the third obtained a Grant of the like liberty in the County of Tipperary whereby he got the Law into his own hands and shut out the Common Law and Justice of the Realm And thus we see that all Munster fell away from the English law and Government in the end of King Edward the second his reign and in the beginning of the reign of King Edward the third Again about the same time viz. in the 20. year of King Edward the second when the State of England was well-nigh ruined by the Rebellion of the Barons and the Government of Ireland utterly neglected there arose in Leinster one of the Cavanagheses The rising Mac Murrogh and O More in Leinster annal hiberniae in Camden annal Johan Clynne Manus The defect and loss of a great part of Leinster named Donald Mac Art who named himself Mac Murrogh King of Leinster and possessed himself of the County of Catherlogh and of the greatest part of the County of Wexford And shortly after Lisagh O Moor called himself O Moor took eight Castles in one Evening destroyed Duamase the principal house of the L. Mortimer in Leix recovered that whole Country De servo Dominus de subjecto princeps effectus saith Friar Clynn in his Annals Besides the Earl of Kildare imitating his Cousin of Desmond did not omit to make the like use of Coin and Livery in Kildare and the West part of Meath which brought the like Barbarism into those parts And thus a great part of Leinster was lost and fell away from the Obedience of the Crown near about the time before expressed Again in the seventh year of King Edward the Third the Lord William Bourke Earl of Ulster and Lord of Conaght The Earl of Ulster murdered was treacherously murdered by his own Squires at Knockfergus leaving behind him Vnicam & unius anni filiam saith Friar Clinne Immediately upon the murder committed annal Johan Clynne Manus the Countess with her young daughter fled into England so as the Government of that Country was wholly neglected until that young Lady being married to Lionel Duke of Clarence that Prince came over with an Army to recover his Wife's inheritance and so reform this Kingdom Anno 36. of Edward the third But in the mean time what became of that great inheritance both in Ulster and Conaght Assuredly The Earldom of Ulster recovered by the Irish in Ulster the Sept of Hugh Bog O Neal then possessing Glaucoukeyn and Killeightra in Tyrone took the opportunity and passing over the Banne Abridgement of Salus populi mascript Baron Finglas Manus did first expel the English out of the Barony of Tuscard which is now called the Rout and likewise out of the Glynnes and other Lands up as far as Knockfergus which Country or extent of Land is at this day called the lower Clan Hugh-Boy And shortly after that they came up into the great Ardes which the Latin writers call Altitudines Vltoniae and was then the inheritance of the Savages by whom they were valiantly resisted for divers years but at last for want of Castles and fortifications for the saying of Henry Savage mentioned in every Story is very memorable That a Castle of Bones was better than a Castle of Stones the English were overrun by the multitude of the Irishry annal Hiberniae in Camden So as about the thirtieth of King Edward the third some few years before the arrival of the Duke of Clarence the Savages were utterly driven out of the Great Ardes into a little nook of Land near the River of Strangford where they now possess a little Territory called the little Ardes and their greater patrimony took the name of the upper Clan Hugh-Boy from the Sept of Hugh Boy O Neale who became Invaders thereof The defection of Conaght FOr Conaght some younger branches of the Family of the Bourkeses being planted there by the Red Earl and his Ancestors seeing their chief to be cut off and dead without Heir-male and no man left to govern or protect that Province intruded presently into all the Earls Lands which ought to have been seized into the King's hands by reason of the minority of the heir And within a short space two of the most potent among them divided that great Seignory betwixt them the one taking the name of Mac William Oughtier Baron Finglas Manus and the other of Mac William Fighter as if the Lord William Bourke the last Earl of Ulster had left two Sons of one name behind him to inherit that Lordship in course of Gavel-kind But they well knew that they were but Intruders upon the King's possession during the minority of the heir they knew those Lands were the rightful inheritance of that young Lady and consequently that the Law of England would speedily evict them out of their possession and therefore they held it the best policy to cast off the yoke of English Law and to become mere Irish and according to their example drew all the rest of the English in that Province to do the like so as from thenceforth they suffered their possessions to run in course of Tanistry and Gavelkinde They changed their names language and apparel and all their civil manners and Customs of living Lastly about the 25. annal Hiberniae in Camden year of King Edward the third Sir Richard de Clare was slain in Thomond and all the English Colonies there utterly supplanted Thus in that space of time which was between the tenth year of King Edward the second and the 30. year of King Edward the third I speak within compass by the concurrence of the mischiefs before recited all the old English Colonies in Munster Conaght and Ulster and more than a third part of Leinster became degenerate and fell away from the Crown of England so as only the four shires of the English Pale remained under the Obedience of the Law and yet the Borders and Marches thereof were grown unruly and out of order too being subject to Black-Rents and Tribute of the Irish What courses have been taken to reform this Kingdom since the English Colonies became degenerate Edw. 2. which was a greater defection than when ten of twelve Tribes departed and fell away from Kings of Juda. But was not the State of England sensible of this loss and dishonour Did they not endeavour to recover the Land that was lost and to reduce the Subjects to their Obedience Truly King Edward the Second by the incursions of the Scottish Nation and by the insurrection of his Barons who raised his Wife and his Son against him and in the end deposed him was diverted and utterly disabled to reform the disorders of Ireland K. Edw. the third did first endeavour a reformation But as soon as the Crown of England was transferred to King Edward the third though he were yet in his minority the State there began to look into the desperate estate of things here And finding such a general defection Letters were sent from the King to the great men and Prelates Archiu Tur. 2. E. 3● clau pers 1. m. 16. Sir Anthony Lucy requiring them particularly to swear fealty to the Crown of England Shortly after Sir Anthony Lucy a Person of great authority in England in those days was sent over to work a reformation in this Kingdom by a severe course and to that end the King wrote expressly to the Earl of Ulster and others of the Nobility to assist him as is before remembered presently upon his arrival he arrested Maurice Fitz-Thomas Earl of Desmond and Sir William Bremingham and committed them prisoners to the Castle of Dublin annal Hiberni● in Camden where Sir William Bremingham was executed for Treason though the Earl of Desmond were left to Mainprize upon condition he should appear before the King by a certain day and in the mean time to continue loyal AFter this the King being advertised that the over-large Grants of Lands and Liberties made to the Lords of English blood in Ireland made them so insolent as they scorned to obey the Law and the Magistrate did absolutely resume all such Grants Resumption of liberties as is before declared But the Earl of Desmond above all men found himself grieved with this resumption or Repeal of Liberties and declared his dislike and discontentment insomuch as he did not only refuse to come to a Parliament at Dublin summoned by Sir William Morris Deputy to the Lord John Darcy the King's Lieutenant But as we have said before he raised such dissension between the English of blood and the English of birth as the like was never seen from the time of the first planting of our Nation in Ireland And in this factious and seditious humour he drew the Earl of Kildare and the rest of the nobility annal Hiberniae in Camden with the Citizens and Burgesses of the principal Towns to hold a several Parliament by themselves at Kilkenny where they framed certain Articles against the Deputy and transmitted the same into England to the King Hereupon Sir Ralph Vfford Sir Ralph Vfford annal Jo●an Manus Clynn who had lately before married the Countess of Ulster a man of courage and severity was made Lord Justice who forthwith calling a Parliament sent a special Commandment to the Earl of Desmond to appear in that great Council but the Earl wilfully refused to come Whereupon the Lord Justice raised the King's Standard Annale Hibern● in Ca●de● and marching with an Army into Munster seized into the King's hands all the possessions of the Earl took and executed his principal followers Sir Eustace le Poer Sir William Grant and Sir John Cotterell enforced the Earl himself to fly and lurk till 26. Noblemen and Knights became Mainpernors for his appearance at a certain day prefixed But he making default the second time the uttermost advantage was taken against his sureties Besides at the same time this Lord Justice caused the Earl of Kildare to be arrested and committed to the Castle of Dublin indicted and imprisoned many other disobedient Subjects called in and canceled such Charters asw ere lately before resumed and proceeded every way so roundly and severely as the Nobility which were wont to suffer no controlment did much distaste him and the Commons who in this Land have ever been more devoted to their immediate Lords here whom they saw every day than unto their Sovereign Lord and King whom they never saw spoke ill of this Governor as of a rigorous and cruel man though in troth he were a singular good Justicer and if he had not died in the second year of his Government was the likeliest person of that Age Maurice Fitz-Thomas the first Earl of Desmond the author of the great oppressions and dissensions which destroyed the English Colonies to have reform and reduced the degenerate English Colonies to their natural obedience of the Crown of England THus much then then we may observe by the way that Maurice Fitz-Thomas the first Earl of Desmond was the first English Lord that imposed Coign and Livery upon the King's Subjects and the first that raised his Estate to immoderate greatness by that wicked Extortion and Oppression that he was the first that rejected the English Laws and Government and drew others by his example to do the like that he was the first Peer of Ireland that refused to come to the Parliament summoned by the King's Authority that he was the first that made a division and distinction between the English of blood and the English of birth AND as this Earl was the only Author The fortune of the house of Desmond and first Actor of these mischiefs which gave the greatest impediment to the full Conquest of Ireland So it is to be noted that albeit others of his rank afterwards offended in the same kind whereby their Houses were many times in danger of ruin yet was there not ever any Noble house of English race in Ireland utterly destroyed and finally rooted out by the hand of Justice but the house of Desmond only nor any Peer of this Realm ever put to death though divers have been attainted but Tho Fitz-James the Earl of Desmond only and only for those wicked customs brought in by the first Earl and practised by his posterity though by several Laws they were made High-Treason And therefore though in the 7 of Edward the 4. during the Government of the Lord Tiptoft Earl of Worcester both the Earls of Desmond and Kildare were attainted by Parliament at Droghedah for alliance and fostering with the Irish and for taking Coin and Livery of the King's Subjects yet was Desmond only put to death for the Earl of Kildare received his pardon And albeit the son of this Earl of Desmond who lost his head at Droghedah were restored to the Earldom The Council-book of Ireland 32 H. 8. yet could not the King's grace regenerate obedience in that degenerate house but it grew rather more wild and barbarous than before For from thenceforth they reclaimed a strange privilege That the Earls of Desmond should never come to any Parliament or Grand Council or within any walled Town but at their will and pleasure Which pretended Privilege James Earl of Desmond the Father of Girald the last Earl renounced and surrendered by his Deed in the Chancery of Ireland in the 32 of Henry the eighth At what time among the mere Irishry he submitted himself to Sir Anthony Saint-Leger than Lord Deputy took an Oath of Allegiace Covenanted that he would suffer the Law of England to be executed in his Country and assist the King's Judges in their Circuits and if any Subsidies should be granted by Parliament he would permit the same to be levied upon his Tenants and followers Which Covenants are as strange as the privilege itself spoken of before But that which I conceive most worthy of Observation upon the fortunes of the house of Desmond is this that as Maurice Fitz-Thomas the first Earl did first raise the greatness of that house by Irish exactions and oppressions so Girald the last Earl did at last ruin and reduce it to nothing by using the like extortions For certain it is that the first occasion of his Rebellion grew from hence that when he attempted to charge the Decies in the County of Waterford with Coin and Livery Black Rents and Coshe●ies after the Irish manner he was resisted by the Earl of Ormond and upon an encounter overthrown and taken prisoner which made his heart so unquiet as it easily conceived Treason against the Crown and brought forth actual and open Rebellion wherein he perished himself and made a final extinguishment of his house and honour Oppression and extortion did maintain the greatness and oppression and extortion did extinguish the greatness of that house Which may well be expressed by the old Emblem of a Torch turned downwards with this word Quod me alit extinguit NOw let us return to the course of Reformation held and pursued here after the death of Sir Ralph Vfford which happened in the twentieth year of King Edward 3. After which time a●be●t all the power and Council of England was converted towards the conquest of France yet was not the work of Reformation altogether discontinued For in the 25 year of King Edward the third Sir Thomas Rookeby another worthy Governor whom I have once before named held a Parliament at Kilkenny wherein many excellent Laws were propounded and enacted for the reducing of the English Colonies to their obedience which Laws we find enroled in the Remembrancers Office here and differ not much in substance from those other Statutes of Kilkenny The course Reformation pursued by Lio● Duke Clare● which not long after during the Government of Lionel Duke of Clarence were not only enacted but put in execution This noble Prince having married the Daughter and Heir of Ulster and being likewise a Coparcener of the County of Kilkenny in the 36 year of King Edward the third came over the King's Lieutenant attended with a good Retinue of Martial men as is before remembered and a grave and honourable Council as well for peace as for war But because this Army was not of a competent strength to break and subdue all the Irishry although he quieted the borders of the English Pale and held all Ireland in awe with his name and presence The principal service that he intended was to reform the degenerate English Colonies and to reduce them to obedience of the English Law and Magistrate To that end in the fortieth year of King Edward the third he held that famous Parliament at Kilkenny wherein many notable Laws were enacted which do show and lay open For the Law doth best discover enormities how much the English Colonies were corrupted at that time and do infallibly prove that which is laid down before That they were wholly degenerate and fallen away from their obedience For first it appeareth by the Preamble of these Laws that the English of this Realm before the coming over of Lionel Duke of Clarence were at that time become mere Irish in their Language Names Apparel and all their manner of living and had rejected the English Laws and submitted themselves to the Irish with whom they had many Marriages and Alliances Archiu in Castro Dublin Statutes of Kilkenny which tended to the utter ruin and destruction of the Commomwealth Therefore alliance by Marriage Nurture of Infants C. 2. and Gossipred with the Irish are by this Statute made High-Treason Again C. 3. if any man of English race should use any Irish Name Irish Language or Irish Apparel or any other guise or fashion of the Irish if he had Lands or Tenements the same should be seized till he had given security to the Chancery to conform himself in all points to the English manner of living And if he had no Lands his body was to be taken and imprisoned till he found Sureties as aforesaid Again it was established and commanded C. 4. that the English in all their Controversies should be ruled and governed by the Common Law of England and if any did submit himself to the Brehon Law or March Law he should be adjudged a Traitor Again C. 10. because the English at that time made War and Peace with the bordering Enemy at their pleasure they were expressly prohibited to levy War upon the Irish without special Warrant and Direction from the State C 12. Again it was made penal to the English to permit the Irish to Creaght or graze upon their Lands C. 13. to present them to Ecclesiastical Benefices C. 15. to receive them into any Monasteries or Religious Houses or to entertain any of their Minstrels Rhymers or News-tellers to impose or sess any Horse or Foot upon the English subjects against their wills C. 17. was made felony C. 22. And because the great Liberties or Franchises spoken of before were become Sanctuaries for all Malefactors express power was given to the King's Sheriffs to enter into all Franchises and there to apprehend all Felons and Traitors C. 24. And lastly because the great Lords when they levied Forces for the Public Service did lay unequal burdens upon the Gentlemen and Freeholders it was ordained that four Wardens of the Peace in every County should set down and appoint what Men and Armour every man should bear according to his Freehold or other ability of esate THese and other Laws The Statutes of Kilkenny did much reform th● degenerate English tending to a general reformation were enacted in that Parliament And the Execution of these Laws together with the Presence of the King's Son made a notable alteration in the State and Manners of this people within the space of seven years which was the term of this Prince's Lieutenancy For all the Discourses that I have seen of the Decay of Ireland do agree in this that the presence of the Lord Lionel and these Statutes of Kilkenny did restore the English Government in the degenerate Colonies for divers years And the Statute of the tenth of Henry the seventh Stat. 10 H. c. 8. which reviveth and confirmeth the Statutes of Kilkenny doth confirm as much For it declareth that as long as these Laws were put in ●ure and execution this Land continued in prosperity and honour and since they were not executed the Subjects rebelled and digressed from their Allegiance and the Land fell to ruin and desolation And withal we find the effect of these Laws in the Pipe-Rolls and Plea-Ro●ls of this Kingdom For from the 36 of Edw. 3. when this Prince entered into his Government till the beginning of Richard the second his Reign we find the Revenue of the Crown both certain and casual in Ulster Munster and Conaght accounted for and that the King's Writ did run and the Common Law was executed in every of these Provinces The presence of the King's son did much advance the reformation I join with these Laws the personal presence of the King's Son as a concurrent cause of this Reformation Because the people of this Land both English and Irish out of a natural pride did ever love and desire to be governed by great persons Absence of our Kings & great English Lords a chief cause why the Kingdom was not reduced And therefore I may here justly take occasion to note that first the absence of the Kings of England and next the absence of those great Lords who were inheritors of those mighty Signories of Leinster Ulster Conaght● and Meath have been main causes why this Kingdom was not reduced in so many ages TOuching the absence of our Kings Absent of o●● King three of them only since the Norman Conquest have made Royal journeys into this Land namely King Henry the second King John and King Richard the second And yet they no sooner arrived here but that all the Irishry as if they had been but one man submitted themselves took Oaths of fidelity and gave pledges and hostages to continue loyal And if any of those Kings had continued here in person a competent time till they had settled both English and Irish in their several possessions and had set the Law in a due course throughout the Kingdom these times wherein we live had not gained the honour of the final conquest and reducing of Ireland For the King saith Solomon dissipat omne malum intuitu suo But when Moses was absent in the Mount the people committed Idolatry and when there was no King in Israel every man did what seemed best in his own eyes And therefore when Alexander had conquered the East part of the World and demanded of one what was the fittest place for the seat of his Empire he brought and laid a dry hide before him and desired him to set his foot on the one side thereof which being done all the other parts of the hide did rise up but when he did set his foot in the middle of the hide all the other parts lay flat and even Which was a lively demonstration that if a Prince keep his residence in the border of his Dominions the remote parts will easily rise and rebel against him But if he make the Centre thereof his Seat he shall easily keep them in peace and obedience The absence of the great English Lords TOuching the absence of the great Lords All Writers do impute the decay and loss of Leinster to the absence of these English Lords who married the five Daughters of William Marshal Earl of Pembroke Baron Finglas Manusc to whom that great Seignory descended when his five Sons who inherited the same successively and during their times held the same in peace and obedidence to the Law of England were all dead without issue which happened about the fortieth year of King Henry the third for the eldest being married to Hugh Bigot Earl of Norfolk who in right of his wife had the Marshalship of England The second to Warren de Mounchensey whose sole Daughter and Heir was match to William de Valentia half Brother to King Henry the third who by that match was made Earl of Pembroke the third to Gilbert de Clare Earl of Gloucester The fourth to William Ferrer Earl of Derby The fifth to William de Bruce Lord of Brecknock These great Lords having greater inheritances in their own right in England than they had in Ireland in right of their Wives and yet each of the Coparceners had an entire County allotted for her purparty as is before declared could not be drawn to make their personal residence in this Kingdom but managed their Estates here by their Seneschals and Servants And to defend their Territories against the bordering Irish they entertained some of the Natives who pretended a perpetual Title to those great Lordships For the Irish after a thousand conquests and Attainders by our Law would in those days pretend title still because by the Irish Law no man could forfeit his Land These natives taking the opportunity in weak and desperate times usurped those Signories and so Donald mac Art Cavanagh Baron Finglas Manusc being entertained by the Earl of Nolfork made himself Lord of the County of Catherlough And Lisagh O Moor being trusted by the Lord Mortimer who married the Daughter and Heir of the Lord Bruce made himself Lord of the lands in Leix in the latter end of King Edward the seconds Reign as is before declared Again the decay and loss of Ulster and Connaught is attributed to this that the Lord William Bourk the last Earl of that name died without issue male whose Ancestors namely the Red Earl and Sir Hugh de Lacie before him being personally resident held up their greatness there and kept the English in peace and the Irish in awe But when those Provinces descended upon an Heir Female and an Infant the Irish  Ulster and the younger branches of the Bourkeses usurped Connaught And therefore Arch Tur ● parli● n. 42. the Ordinance made in England the third of Richard the second against such as were absent from their Lands in Ireland and gave two third parts of the profits thereof unto the King until they returned or placed a sufficient number of men to defend the same was grounded upon good reason of State which Ordinance was put in execution for many years after as appeareth by sundry seizures made thereupon in the time of K. Richard the second Henry the fourth Henry the fifth & Henry the sixth whereof there remain Records in the Remembrancers Office here Among the rest Arch in O● Rem● Dubl● the Duke of Norfolk himself was not spared but was impleaded upon this Ordinance for two parts of the profits of Dorburies' Island and other Lands in the County of Wexford in the time of King Henry the sixth And afterwards upon the same reason of State all the lands of the house of Norfolk of the Earl of Shrewsbury the Lord Barkley and others who having lands in Ireland kept their continual residence in England were entirely resumed by the Act of Absentees Act of Absentees 28 H. 8. made in the 28 year of King Henry the vl But now again let us look back and see how long the effect of that Reformation did continue which was begun by Lionel Duke of Clarence in the fortieth year of King Edward the third and what courses have been held to reduce and reform this people by other Lieutenants and Governors since that time The English Colonies being in some good measure reform by the Statutes of Kilkenny did not utterly fall away into Barbarism again till the Wars of the two Houses had almost destroyed both these Kingdoms for in that miserable time the Irish found opportunity without opposition to banish the English Law and Government out of all the Provinces and to confine it only to the English Pale Howbeit in the mean time between the Government of the Duke of Clarence and the beginning of those Civil Wars of York and Lancaster we find that the State of England did sundry times resolve to proceed in this work of reformation For first King Richard 2. The reformation intended by K. Ric● 2. Archi● Tur. 3 Rich. claus 3. Ri● 2. Rot● Parl● 11.42 9 Ri● 2. cl sent over Sir Nicholas Dagworth to survey the possessions of the Crown and to call to account the Officers of the revenue Next to draw his English Subjects to manure and defend their lands in Ireland he made that Ordinance against Absentees spoken of before Again he showed an excellent example of Justice upon Sir Philip Courtney being his Lieutenant of that Kingdom when he caused him to be arrested by special Commissioners upon complaint made of sundry grievous oppressions and wrongs which during his Government he had done unto that people After this Walsiham ● Rich 349. the Parliament of England did resolve that Thomas Duke of Gloucester the King's Uncle should be employed in the reformation and reducing of that Kingdom the Fame whereof was no sooner bruited in Ireland but all the Irishry were ready to submit themselves before his coming so much the very Name of a great personage specially of a Prince of the blood did ever prevail with this people But the King and his Minions who were ever jealous of this Duke of Gloucester would not suffer him to have the honour of that service But the King himself thought it a work worthy of his own presence and pains and thereupon Himself in person made those two royal journeys mentioned before At what time he received the submissions of all the Irish Lords and Captains who bound themselves both by Indenture and oath to become and continue his Loyal Subjects And withal laid a particular project for a civil plantation of the Mountains and Maritime Counties between Dublin and Wexford by removing all the Irish Septs from thence as appeareth by the covenants between the Earl Marshal of England and those Irish Septs which are before remembered and are yet preserved and remain of Record in the King's Remembrancers Office at Westminster Lastly this King being present in Ireland took special care to supply and furnish the Courts of Justice with able and sufficient Judges And to that end he made that Grave and Learned Judge Sir William Hankeford Chief Justice of the King's Bench here who afterwards for his service in this Realm was made chief Justice of the King's Bench in England by King Henry 4. Plac. coram Reg● in Hibernia Hillar 18. Rich● 2. and did withal associate unto him William Sturmy a well Learned man in the law who likewise came out of England with the King that the legal proceedings which were out of order too as all other things in that Realm were might be amended and made formal according to the course and Precedents of England But all the good purposes and projects of this King were interrupted and utterly defeated by his sudden departure out of Ireland and unhappy deposition from the Crown of England HOwbeit King Henry the fourth The reformation int●●ded by Hen. ● intending likewise to prosecute this Noble work in the third year of his reign made the Lord Thomas of Lancaster his second son Lieutenant of Ireland Who came over in person and accepted again the submissions of divers Irish Lords and Captains as is before remembered and held also a Parliament wherein he gave new life to the Statutes of Kilkenny and made other good Laws tending to the Reformation of the Kingdom But the troubles raised against the King his Father in England drew him home again so soon as that seed of reformation took no root at all neither had his service in that kind any good effect or success After this the State of England had no leisure to think of a general reformation in this Realm till the civil dissensions of England were appeased and the peace of that Kingdom settled by King Henry the seventh For albeit in the time of King Henry 6. Richard Duke of York a Prince of the blood of great wisdom and valour and heir to a third part of Kingdom at least being Earl of Ulster and Lord of Conaght and Meath was sent the Kings Lieutenanr into Ireland to recover and reform that Realm where he was resident in person for the greatest part of ten years yet the troth is he aimed at another mark which was the Crown of England And therefore he thought it no policy to distaste either the English or Irish by a course of Reformation but sought by all means to please them and by popular courses to steal away their hearts to the end he might strengthen his party when he should set on foot his Title as is before declared Which policy of his took such effect as that he drew over with him into England the Flower of all the English Colonies especially of Ulster and Meath whereof many Noblemen and Gentlemen were slain with him at Wakefield as is likewise before remembered And after his death when the wars between the Houses were in their heat almost all the good English blood which was left in Ireland was spent in those civil dissensions so as the Irish became victorious over all without blood or sweat Only that little Canton of Land called the English Pale containing four small Shires did maintain a bordering was with the Irish and retain the form of English Government But out of that little Precinct there were no Lords Knights or Burgesses summoned to the Parliament neither did the Kings Writ run in any other part of the Kingdom and yet upon the Marches and Borders which at that time were grown so large as they took up half Dublin half Meath and a third part of Kildare and Lowth there was no law in use but the March-Law which in the Statutes of Kilkenny is said to be no law but a lewd Custom So as upon the end of these civil wars in England the English Law and Government was well nigh banished out of Ireland The course of reformation held by Sir Edward Poynings in the time of K. Hen 7. so as no foot-step or print was left of any former Reformation THen did King Henry 7. send over Sir Edward Poynings to be his Deputy a right worthy servitor both in war and peace The principal end of his employment was to expel Perkin Warbeck out of this Kingdom but that service being performed that worthy Deputy finding nothing but a common misery took the best course he possibly could to establish a Commonwealth in Ireland and to that end he held a Parliament no less famous than that of Kilkenny and more available for the reformation of the whole Kingdom For whereas all wise men did ever concur in opinion that the readiest way to reform Ireland is to settle a form of Civil Government there conformable to that of England To bring this to pass Sir Edward Poynings did pass an Act whereby all the Statutes made in England before that time were enacted established and made of force in Ireland Neither did he only respect the time past but provided also for the time to come For he caused another Law to be made that no Act should be propounded in any Parliament of Ireland but such as should be first transmitted into England Poynings Act. and approved by the King and Council there as good and expedient for that Land and so returned back again under the Great Seal of England This Act though it seem Prima fancy to restrain the liberty of the Subjects of Ireland yet was it made at the Prayer of the Commons upon just and important cause For the Governors of that Realm specially such as were of that Country Birth had laid many oppressions upon the Commons and amongst the rest they had imposed Laws upon them nor tending to the general good but to serve private turns and to strengthen their particular factions This moved them to refer all Laws that were to be passed in Ireland to be considered corrected and allowed first by the State of England which had always been tender and careful of the good of this people and had long since made them a Civil Rich and Happy Nation if their own Lords and Governors there had not sent bad intelligence into England Besides this he took special order that the summons of Parliament should go into all the shires of Ireland and not to the four shires only and for that cause specially he caused all the Acts of a Parliament lately before holden by the Viscount of Gormanston to be repealed and made void Moreover that the Parliaments of Ireland might want no decent or honourable form that was used in England he caused a particular Act to pass that the Lords of Ireland should appear in the like Parliament Robes as the English Lords are wont to wear in the Parliaments of England Having thus established all the Statutes of England in Ireland and set in order the great Council of that Realm he did not omit to pass other Laws as well for the increase of the King's Revenue as the preservation of the public peace To advance the profits of the Crown First he obtained a Subsidy of 26 shillings eight pence out of every six score acres manured payable yearly for five years Next he resumed all the Crownland which had been aliened for the most part by Richard Duke of York and lastly he procured a Subsidy of Pondage out of all Merchandizes imported and exported to be granted to the Crown in perpetuity To preserve the public peace he revived the Statutes of Kilkenny He made wilful Murder High-treason he caused the Marchers to book their men for whom they should answer and restrained the making War or Peace without special Commission from the State These Laws and others as important as these for the making of a Commonwealth in Ireland were made in the Government of Sir Edward Poynings But these Laws did not spread their Virtue beyond the English Pale though they were made generally for the whole Kingdom For the Provinces without the Pale which during the War of York and Lancaster had wholly cast off the the English Government were not apt to receive this seed of Reformation because they were not first broken and mastered again with the sword Besides the Irish Countries which contained two third parts of the Kingdom were not reduced to Shire-ground so as in them the Laws of England could not possibly be put in execution Therefore these good Laws and provisions made by Sir Edward Poynings were like good Lessons set for a Lute that is broken and out of tune of which Lessons little use can be made till the Lute be made fit to be played upon And that the execution of all these Laws had no greater latitude than the Pale is manifest by the Statute of the thirteenth of Henry the eighth cap. 3. which reciteth that at that time the King's Laws were obeyed and executed in the four shires only and yet then was the Earl of Surrey Lieutenant of Ireland a Governor much feared of the King's Enemies and exceedingly honoured and beloved of the King's subjects And the Instructions given by the state of Ireland The Co●● Boo● Irel● 16 ● to John Allen Master of the Rolls employed into England near about the same time do declare as much wherein among other things he is required to advertise the King that his Land of Ireland was so much decayed as that the King's Laws were not obeyed twenty miles in compass Whereupon grew that Byword used by the Irish viz. That they dwelled By-west the Law which dwelled beyond the River of the Barrow which is within thirty miles of Dublin The same is testified by Baron Finglas in his Discourse of the decay of Ireland which he wrote about the twentieth year of King Henry the eighth And thus we see the effect of the Reformation which was intended by Sir Edward Poynings The Reformation intended by the L. Leonard Grace 28 H. 8. THE next Attempt of Reformation was made in 28 year of King Henry the eighth by the Lord Leonard Grace who was created Viscount of Grain in this Kingdom and held a Parliament wherein many excellent Laws were made But to prepare the minds of the people to obey these Laws he began first with a Martial course For being sent over to suppress the Rebellion of the Giraldines which he performed in few months he afterwards made a victorious Circuit round about the Kingdom Annal●● Hiber●● Manu● beginning in Offaly against O Connor who had aided the Giraldines in their Rebellion and from thence passing along through all the Irish Countries in Leinster and so into Munster where he took pledges of the degenerate Earl of Desmond and thence into Conaght and thence into Ulster and then concluded this Warlike Progress with the Battle of Belahoo in the borders of Meath as is before remembered The Coun●● Book● Irela●● 2● ●● The principal Septs of the Irishry being all terrified and most of them broken in this journey many of their chief Lords upon this Deputies return came to Dublin and made their submissions to the Crown of England namely the O Neals and O Relies of Ulster Mac Murrogh O Birn and O Carrol of Leinster and the Bourks' of Conaght This preparation being made he first propounded and passed in Parliament these Laws which made the great alteration in the State Ecclesiastical namely the Act which declared King Henry the eighth to be supreme head of the Church of Ireland The Act prohibiting Appeals to the Church of Rome the Act for first-fruits and twentieth part to be paid to the King the Act for Faculties and Dispensations And lastly the Act that did utterly abolish the usurped authority of the Pope Next for the increase of the King's Revenue by one Act he suppressed sundry Abbeys and Religious Houses and by another Act resumed the Lands of the Absentees as is before remembered And for the Civil Government a special Statute was made to abolish the Black-rents and Tributes exacted by the Irish upon the English Colonies and another Law enacted that the English Apparel Language and manner of living should be used by all such as would acknowledge themselves the King's Subjects This Parliament being ended the Lord Leonard Grace w●s suddenly revoked and put to death in England so as he lived not to finish the work of Reformation wh●ch he had begun which notwithstanding was we●l pursued by his Successor Sir Anthony Saint Leger The coarse Reformation ●sued Sir A●thony S. L● Four nera● subm●ons the I● unto whom all the Lords and Chieftains of the Irishry and of the degenerate English throughout the Kingdom made their several submissions by Indenture which was the fourth general submission of the Irish made since the first attempt of the Conquest of Ireland whereof the first was made to King Henry the second the second to King John the third to K. Richard the second and his last to Sir Anthony Saint Leger in 33 H. 8. IN these Indentures of Submission The Cou● Boo● Irel● 32 3● 34 ● all the Irish Lords do acknowledge King Henry the eighth to be their Sovereign Lord and King and desire to be accepted of him as Subjects They confess the King's Supremacy in all causes and do utterly renounce the Pope's Jurisdiction which I conceive to be worth the noting because The and gen● Ea● ren● the when the Irish had once resolved to obey the King they made no scruple to renounce the Pope And this was not only done by the mere Irish but the chief of the degenerate English Families did perform the same as Desmond Barry and Roche in Munster and the Bourks' which b●re the title of Mac William in Conaght These Submissions being thus taken the Lord Deputy and Council for the present Government of those Irish Countries made certain Ordinances of State not agreeable altogether with the Rules of the Law of England the reason whereof is expressed in the Preamble of those Ordinances The Council Book of Ireland 33 H. 8. Quia nondum sic sapiunt leges & Jura ut secundum ea jam immediate vivere & regi possint The chief points or Articles of which Orders registered in the Council Book are these That King Henry the eighth should be accepted reputed and named King of Ireland by all the Inhabitants of the Kingdom that all Archbishops and Bishops should be permitted to exercise their Jurisdiction in every Diocese throughout the Land that Tithes should be duly set out and paid that Children should not be admitted to Benefices that for every Manslaughter and theft above fourteen pence committed in the Irish Countries the offendor should pay a fine of forty pound twenty pound to the King and twenty pound to the Captain of the Country and for every theft under fourteen pence a fine of five marks should be paid forty six shilling eight pence to the Captain & twenty shillings to the Tanister that Horsemen & Kearn should not be imposed upon the common people to be fed & maintained by them that the Master should answer for his servants and the Father for his children That Cuttings should not be made by the Lord upon his Tenants to maintain war with his neighbours but only to bear his necessary expenses etc. These Ordinances of State being made and published there were nominated and appointed in every Province certain Orderers or Arbitrators who instead of these Irish Brehons' should hear and determine all their Controversies In Conaght the Archbishop of Tuam the Bishop of Clonfert Captain Wakeley & Captain Ovington In Munster the Bishop of Waterford the Bishop of Cork and Ross the Mayor of Cork and Mayor of Youghal In Ulster the Archbishop of Ardmagh and the Lord of Lowth And if any difference did arise which they could not end either for the difficulty of the cause or for the obstinacy of the parties they were to certify the Lord Deputy & Council who would decide the matter by their Authority Hereupon the Irish Captains of lesser Territories which had ever been oppressed by the greater and mightier some with risings out others with Bonaght and others with Cuttings and spend at pleasure did appeal for Justice to the Lord Deputy who upon hearing their complaints did always order that they should all immediately depend upon the King and that the weaker should have no dependency upon the stronger Lastly he prevailed so much with the greatest of them namely O Neal O Brien and Mac William as that they willingly did pass into England and presented themselves to the King who thereupon was pleased to advance them to the degree and honour of Earls and to grant unto them their several Countries by Letters-patents Besides that they might learn Obedience and Civility of manners by often repairing unto the State the King upon the motion of the same Deputy gave each of them a house and lands near Dublin for the entertainment of their several trains This course did this Governor take to reform the Irishry but withal he did not omit to advance both the honour and profit of the King For in the Parliament which he held the 33 of Hen. the eighth he caused an Act to pass which gave unto K. Henry the eighth his Heirs and Successors the Name Style and Title of King of Ireland whereas before that time the Kings of England were styled but Lords of Ireland albeit indeed they were absolute Monarches thereof and had in right all Royal and Imperial Jurisdiction and power there as they had in the Realm of England And yet because in the vulgar conceit the name of King is higher than the name of Lord Assuredly the assuming of this Title hath not a little raised the Sovereignty of the King of England in the minds of this people lastly this Deputy brought a great augmentation to the King's Revenue by dissolving of all the Monasteries and Religious Houses in Ireland which was done in the same Parliament and afterward by procuring Min and Cavendish two skilful Auditors to be sent over out of England Who took an exact survey of all the possessions of the Crown and brought many things into charge which had been concealed and substracted for many years before And thus far did Sir Anthony Saint Leger proceed in the course of Reformation which though it were a good beginning yet was it far from reducing Ireland to the perfect obedience of the Crown of England For all this while the Provinces of Conaght and Ulster and a good part of Leinster were not reduced to Shire-ground And though Munster were anciently divided into Counties the people were so degenerate as no Justice of Assize durst execute his Commission amongst them None of the Irish Lords or Tenants were settled in their possessions by any Grant or Confirmation from the Crown except the three great Earls before named who notwithstanding did govern their Tenants and Followers by the Irish or Brehon Law so as no treason murder rape or theft committed in those Countries was inquired of or punished by the Law of England and consequently no Escheat Forfeiture or Fine no Revenue certain or casual did accrue to the Crown out of those Provinces The next worthy Governor that endeavoured to advance this Reformation The course of reformation prosecuted by Tho. Earl of Sussex in the time of Queen Mary Li●x and Offaly made two Counties 3. & 4. Phil. & Mariae was Thomas Earl of Sussex who having throughly broken and subdued the two most rebellious and powerful Irish Septs in Leinster namely the Moors and O Connors possessing the Territories of Leix and Offaly did by Act of Parliament 3. and 4. Phil. and Mariae reduce those Countries into two several Counties naming the one the Kings and the other the Queen's County which were the first two Counties that had been made in this Kingdom since the twelfth year of King John at what time the Territories then possessed by the English Colonies were reduced into twelve Shires as is before expressed This Noble Earl having thus extended the Jurisdiction of the English Law into two Counties more was not satisfied with that addition but took a resolution to divide all the rest of the Irish Country's un-reduced into several Shires and to that end he caused an Act to pass in the same Parliament authorising the Lord Chancellor from time to time to award Commissions to such Persons as the Lord Deputy should nominate and appoint to view and perambulate those Irish Territories and thereupon to divide and limit the same into such and so many several Counties as they should think meet which being certified to the Lord Deputy and approved by him should be returned and enroled in the Chancery and from thenceforth be of like force and effect as if it were done by Act of Parliament Thus did the Earl of Sussex lay open a passage for the Civil Government into the unreformed parts of this Kingdom but himself proceeded no further than is before delared HOwbeit afterwards The course of reformation followed by Sir Henry Sidney in the time of Queen Elizabeth during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth Sir Henry Sidney who hath left behind him many Monuments of a good Governor in this Land did not only pursue that course which the Earl of Sussex began in reducing the Irish Countries into Shires and placing therein Sheriffs and other Ministers of the Law for first he made the Annaly a Territory in Leinster possessed by the Sept of Offerralles one entire Shire by itself and called it the County of Longford and after that he divided the whole Province of Conaght into six Counties more namely Clare which containeth all Thomond Gallaway Sligo Mayo Roscomon and Leytrim But he also had caused divers good Laws to be made and performed sundry other services tending greatly to the reformation of this Kingdom For first to diminish the greatness of the Irish Lords and to take from them the dependency of the Common people in the Parliament which he held 11. Eliz. He did abolish their pretended and usurped Captainships and all exactions and extortions incident thereunto Next to settle their Signories and possessions in a course of inheritance according to the course of the Common law he caused an Act to pass whereby the Lord Deputy was authorised to accept their Surrenders and to regrant estates unto them to hold of the Crown by English tenors and services Again because the inferior sort were loose and poor and not amesuable to the law he provided by another Act that five of the best and eldest persons of every Sept should bring in all the idle persons of their surname to be justified by the law Moreover to give a civil education to the Youth of this Land in the time to come provision was made by another Law that there should be one Free school at least erected in every Diocese of the Kingdom And lastly to enure and acquaint the people of Munster and Conaght with the English Government again which had not been in use among them for the space of 200. years before he instituted two Presidency Courts in those two Provinces placing Sir Edward Fitton in Conaght and Sir John Perrot in Munster To augment the King's Revenue in the same Parliament upon the attainder of Shane O Neale he resumed and vested in the Crown more than half the Provinne of Ulster He raised the customs upon the principal commodities of the Kingdom He reform the abuses of the Exchequer by many good orders and instructions sent out of England and lastly he established the composition of the Pale in lieu of Purveyance and Sess of Soldiers These were good proceedings in the work of Reformation but there were many defects and omissions withal for though he reduced all Conaght into Counties he never sent any Justices of Assize to visit that Province but placed Commissioners there who governed it only in a course of discretion part Martial and part Civil Again in the Law that doth abolish the Irish Captainships he gave way for the reviving thereof again by excepting such as should be granted by Letters Patents from the Crown which exception did indeed take away the force of that law For no Governor during Queen Elizabeth's Reign did refuse to grant any of those Captainships to any pretended Irish Lord who would Desire and with his thankfulness Deserve the same And again though the greatest part of Ulster were vested by Act of Parliament in the actual and real possession of the Crown yet was there never any seizure made thereof nor any part thereof brought into charge but the Irish were permitted to take all the profits without rendering any duty or acknowledgement for the same and though the Name of O Neale were damned by that Act and the assuming thereof made High-Treason yet after that was Tirlagh Leynnagh suffered to bear that Title and to intrude upon the possessions of the Crown and yet was often entertained by the State with favour Neither were these lands resumed by the Act of TWO of Elizabeth neglected only for the Abbeys and religious Houses in Tyrone Tirconnell and Fermanagh though they were dissolved in the 33. of Henry 8. were never surveyed nor reduced into charge but were continually possessed by the religious persons until His Majesty that now is came to the Crown and that which is more strange the Donations of Bishoprics being a flower of the Crown which the Kings of England did ever retain in all their Dominions when the Pope's usurped Authority was at the highest There were three Bishoprics in Ulster namely Derry Rapho and Clogher which neither Queen Elizabeth nor any of her Progenitors did ever bestow though they were the undoubted Patrons thereof So as King James was the first King of England that did ever supply these Sees with Bishops which is an argument either of great negligence or of great weakness in the State and Governors of those times And thus far proceeded Sir Henry Sidney re●●●mati●● advanced Sir ●ohn perrot AFter him Sir John Perrot who held the last Parliament in this Kingdom did advance the Reformation in three principal points First in establishing the great composition of Conaght in which service the wisdom and industry of Sir Richard Bingham did concur with him next in reducing the unreformed parts of Ulster into seven shires namely Adrmagh Monahan Tirone Colerain Donagall Fermannagh and Cavan though in his time the law was never executed in these new Counties by any Sheriffs or Justices of Assize but the people left to be ruled still by their own barbarous Lords and laws And lastly by vesting in the Crown the Lands of Desmond and his Adherents in Munster and planting the same with English though that plantation were imperfect in many points AFter Sir John Perrot The service of William Fitz-Williams tending to reformation Sir William Fitz-Williams did good service in two other points First in raising a composition in Munster and then in settling the possessions both of the Lords and Tenants in Monahan which was one of the last Acts of State tending to the reformation of the civil Government that was performed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth Thus we see by what degrees and what policy and success the Governors of this Land from time to time since the beginning of the reign of King Edward the third have endeavoured to reform and reduce this people to the perfect obedience of the Crown of England And we find that before the Civil Wars of York and Lancaster they did chiefly endeavour to bring back the degenerate English Colonies to their Duty and Allegiance not respecting the mere Irish whom they reputed as Aliens or Enemies of the Crown But after King Henry 7. had united the Roses they laboured to reduce both English and Irish together which work to what pass and perfection it was brought in the latter end of Qu. Elizabeth's reign hath been before declared Whereof sometimes when I do consider I do in mine own conceit compare these later Governors who went about to reform the Civil Affairs in Ireland unto some of the Kings of Israel of whom it is said That they were good Kings but they did not cut down the Groves and High places but suffered the people still to burn Incense and commit Idolatry in them so Sir Anthony Saint-Leger the Earl of Sussex Sir Henry Sidney and Sir John Perrot were good Governors but they did not abolish the Irish Customs nor execute the Law in the Irish Countries but suffered the people to worship their barbarous Lords and to remain utterly ignorant of their Duties to God and the King AND now I am come to the happy Reign of my most Gracious Lord and Master K. James in whose time as there hath been a concurrence of many great Felicities How the Defects and errors in the government of Irel. have been supplied and amended since the beginning of his Majesty's Reign so this among others may be numbered in the first rank that all the Defects in the government of Ireland spoken of before have been fully supplied in the first nine years of his reign In which time there hath been more done in the work and reformation of this Kingdom than in the 440. years which are passed since the Conquest was first attempted Howbeit I have no purpose in this Discourse to set forth at large all the proceedings of the State here in reforming of this Kingdom since his Majesty came to the Crown for the parts and passages thereof are so many as to express them fully would require a several Treatise Besides I for my part since I have not flattered the former times but have plainly laid open the negligence and errors of every Age that is past would not willingly seem to flatter the present by amplifying the diligence and true Judgement of those Servitors that have laboured in this Vineyard since the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign I shall therefore summarily without any amplification at all show in what manner and by what degrees all the defects which I have noted before in the Government of this Kingdom have been supplied since his Majesty's happy Reign began and so conclude these observations concerning the State of Ireland Errors ●n the carriage of the martial affairs amended FIrst then touching the Martial affairs I shall need to say little in regard that the War which finished the Conquest of Ireland was ended almost in the instant when the Crown descended upon his Majesty and so there remained no occasion to amend the former errors committed in the prosecution of the War Howbeit sit hence his Majesty hath still maintained an Army here as well For a Seminary of Martial men as to Give strength and countenance to the civil Magistrate I may justly observe that this army hath not been fed with Coign and Livery or Sess with which Extortions the Soldier hath been nourished in the times of former Princes but hath been as justly and royally paid as ever Prince in the world did pay his men of war Besides when there did arise an occasion of employment for this Army against the Rebel Odoghertie neither did his Majesty delay the reinforcing thereof but instantly sent supplies out of England and Scotland neither did the Martial men dally or prosecute the Service faintly but Did forthwith quench that fire whereby themselves would have been the warmer the longer it had continued as well by the increase of their entertainment as by booties and spoil of the Country And thus much I thought fit to note touching the amendment of the Errors in the Martial affairs SEcondly How the defects in the Civil Government have been supplied For the supply of the Defects in the Civil Government these courses have been pursued since His Majesty's prosperous Reign began First ● By establishing the public peace albeit upon the end of the War whereby Tyrones universal Rebellion was suppressed the minds of the people were broken and prepared to Obedience of the law yet the State upon good reason did conceive that the public peace could not be settled till the hearts of the people were also quieted by securing them from the danger of the Law which the most part of them had incurred one way or other in that great and general confusion Therefore first by a general Act of State called the Act of oblivion published by Proclamation under the Great-Seal All offences against the Crown and all particular Trespasses between Subject and Subject done at any time before His Majesty's Reign were to all such as would come in to the Justices of Assize by a certain day and claim the benefit of this Act pardoned remitted and utterly extinguished never to be revived or called in question And by the same Proclamation all the Irishry who for the most part in former times were left under the tyranny of their Lords and Chieftains and had no defence or Justice from the Crown were received into his Majesty's immediate protection This bred such comfort and security in the hearts of all men as there upon ensued the calmest and most universal peace that ever was seen in Ireland The public peace being thus established 2 By establishing the public Justice in every part of the Kingdom the State proceeded next to establish the public Justice in every part of the Realm And to that end Sir George Cary who was a prudent Governor and a just and made a fair entry into the right way of reforming this Kingdom did in the first year of His Majesty's Reign make the first Sheriffs that ever were made in Tyrone and Tirconnel and shortly after sent Sir Edmund Pelham Chief Baron and myself thither the first Justices of Assize that ever sat in those Country's and in that Circuit we visited all the shires of that Provinces besides which Visitation though it were somewhat distasteful to the Irish Lords was sweet and most welcome to the common people who albeit they were rude and barbarous yet they quickly apprehended the difference between the Tyranny and Oppression under which they lived before and the just Government and Protection which we promised unto them for the time to come The Law having made her Progress into Ulster with so good success Sir Arthur Chichester who with singular Industry Wisdom and Courage hath now for the space of seven years and more prosecuted the great work of Reformation and brought it well-neer to an absolute perfection did in the first year of his Government establish two other New Circuits for Justices of Assize the one in Conaght and the other in Munster I call them New Circuits for that although it be manifest by many Records that Justice's Itinerant have in former times been sent into all the shires of Munster and some part of Conaght yet certain it is that in two hundred years before I speak much within compass no such Commission had been executed in either of these two Provinces But now the whole Realm being divided into Shires and every bordering Territory whereof any doubt was made in what County the same should lie being added or reduced to a County certain among the rest the Mountains and Glyns on the South side of Dublin were lately made a Shire by itself and called the County of Wicklow whereby the Inhabitants which were wont to be Thorns in the side of the Pale are become civil and quiet Neighbours thereof the streams of the Public Justice were derived into every part of the Kingdom and the benefit and protection of the Law of England communicated to all as well Irish as English without distinction or respect of persons by reason whereof the work of deriving the public Justice grew so great as that there was Magna messis sed Operarii pauci And therefore the number of the Judges in every Bench was increased which do now every half year like good Planets in their several Spheres or Circles carry the ●ight and influence of Justice round about the Kingdom whereas the Circuits in former times went but round about the Pale like the Circuit of the Cinosura about the Pole Quae cursu interiore brevi convertitur orbe UPon these Visitations of Justice whereby the just and honourable Law of England was imparted and communicated to all the Irishry The good effects which followed the execution of the Law throughout the Kingdom there followed these excellent good effects First the common people were taught by the Justices of Assize that they were free Subjects to the Kings of England and not Slaves and Vassals to their pretended Lords That the Cuttings Cosheries Sessings and other Extortions of their Lords were unlawful and that they should not any more submit themselves thereunto since they were now under the protection of so just and mighty a Prince as both would and could protect them from all wrongs and oppressions They gave a willing ear unto these Lessons and thereupon the greatness and power of those Irish Lords over the people suddenly fell and vanished when their Oppressions and Extortions were taken away which did maintain their greatness Insomuch as divers of them who formerly made themselves Owners of all by Force were now by the Law reduced to this point That wanting means to defray their ordinary charges they resorted ordinarily to the Lord Deputy and made Petition that by Licence and Warrant of the State they might take some aid and contribution from their people as well to discharge their former debts as for competent maintenance in time to come But some of them being impatient of this diminution fled out of the Realm to foreign Country's Whereupon we may well observe That as Extortion did banish the old English Freeholder who could not live but under the Law So the Law did banish the Irish Lord who could not live but by Extortion Again these Circuits of Justice did upon the end of the War more terrify the loose and idle persons than the execution of the Martial Law though it were more quick and sudden and in a short time after did so clear the the Kingdom of Thiefs and other Capital Offenders as I dare affirm that for the space of five years last passed there have not been found so many Malefactors worthy of death in all the six Circuits of this Realm which is now divided into thirty two shires at large as in one Circuit of six shires namely the Western Circuit in England for the truth is that in time of Peace the Irish are more fearful to offend the Law than the English or any other Nation whatsoever Again whereas the greatest advantage that the Irish had of us in all their Rebellions was Our Ignorance of their Countries their Persons and their Actions Since the Law and her Ministers have had a passage among them all their places of Fastness have been discovered and laid open all their paces cleared and notice taken of every person that is able to do either good or hurt It is known not only how they live and what they do but it is foreseen what they purpose or intent to do Insomuch as Tyrone hath been heard to complain that he had so many eyes watching over him as he could not drink a full Carouse of Sack but the State was advertized thereof within few hours after And therefore those allowances which I find in the ancient Pipe Rolls Pro guidagio & spiagio may be well spared at this day For the Under-Sheriffs and Bailiffs errand are better Guides and Spies in the time of Peace than any were found in the time of War Moreover these Civil Assemblies at Assizes and Sessions have reclaimed the Irish from their Wildness caused them to cut off their Glibs and long Hair to convert their Mantles into Cloaks to conform themselves to the manner of England in all their behaviour and outward forms And because they find a great inconvenience in moving their suits by an Interpreter they do for the most part send their Children to Schools especially to learn the English Language so as we may conceive and hope that the next generation will in tongue and heart and every way else become English so as there will be no difference or distinction but the Irish Sea betwixt us And thus we see a good conversion and the Irish Game turned again For heretofore the neglect of the Law made the English degenerate and become Irish and now on the other side the execution of the Law doth make the Irish grow civil and become English Lastly these general Sessions now do teach the people more obedience and keep them more in awe than did the general Hostings in former times These Progresses of the Law renew and confirm the Conquest of Ireland every half year and supply the defect of the King's absence in every part of the Realm In that every Judge sitting in the Seat of Justice doth represent the person of the King himself These effects hath the establishment of the Public Peace and Justice produced since his Majesty's happy Reign began Howbeit 3. The settling of the states and possessions of the Irishry as well as of the English it was impossible to make a Common-Weal in Ireland without performing another service which was the settling of all the Estates and Possessions as well of Irish as English throughout the Kingdom For although that in the twelfth year of Queen ELIZABETH a special Law was made which did enable the Lord Deputy to take Surrenders and regrant Estates unto the Irishry upon signification of Her Majesty's pleasure in that behalf yet were there but few of the Irish Lords that made offer to surrender during her Reign and they which made Surrenders of entire Countries obtained Grants of the whole again to themselves only and to no other and all in Demesn In passing of which Grants there was no care taken of the Inferior Septs of people inhabiting and possessing these Countries under them but they held their several portions in course of Tanistry and gavelkind and yielded the same Irish Duties or Exactions as they did before So that upon every such Surrender and Grant there was but one Freeholder made in a whole Country which was the Lord himself all the rest were but Tenants at Will or rather Tenants in Villeinage and were neither fit to be sworn in Juries nor to perform any Public service And by reason of the uncertainty of their Estates did utterly neglect to build or to plant or to improve the Land And therefore although the Lord were become the King's Tenant his Country was no whit reform thereby but remained in the former Barbarism and Desolation Again in the same Queen's time there were many Irish Lords which did not surrender yet obtained Letters-Patents of the Captainships of their Countries and of all Lands and duties belonging to those Captainships For the Statute which doth condemn and abolish these Captainries usurped by the Irish doth give power to the Lord Deputy to grant the same by Letters Patents Howbeit these Irish Captains and likewise the English which were made Seneschalles of the Irish Countries did by colour of these grants and under pretence of Government claim an Irish Seignory and exercise plain tyranny over the Common people And this was the fruit that did arise of the Letters Patents granted of the Irish Countries in the time of Queen Elizabeth where before they did extort and oppress the people only by colour of a lewd and barbarous custom they did afterwards use the same Extortions and oppressions by warrant under the great Seal of the Realm But now How the commissions for Surrenders and defective Titles have been p● in execution since his Majesty came to the Crown two special Commissions have been sent out of England for the settling and quieting of all the possessions in Ireland The one for accepting Surrenders of the Irish and degenerate English and for regranting Estates unto them according to the course of the common Law The other for strengthening of defective Titles In the Execution of which Commissions there hath ever been had a special care to settle and secure the under-Tenants to the end there might be a repose and establishment of every Subject's Estate Lord and Tenant Freeholder and Farmer throughout the Kingdom Upon Surrenders this course hath been held from the beginning when an Irish Lord doth offer to surrender his Country his surrender is not immediately accepted but a Commission is first awarded to inquire of three special points First of the quantity and limits of the Land whereof he is reputed owner Next how much himself doth hold in demean and how much is possessed by his Tenants and Followers And thirdly what customs Duties and services he doth yearly receive out of those lands This Inquisition being made and returned the Lands which are found to be the Lords proper possessions in demean are drawn into a Particular and his Irish duties as Cosherings Sessing Rents of Butter and Oatmeal and the like are reasonably valued and reduced into certain sums of money to be paid yearly in lieu thereof This being done the surrender is accepted and thereupon a grant passed not of the whole Country as was used in former times but of those Lands only which are found in the Lord's possession and of those certain sums of Money as Rents issuing out of the rest But the Lands which are found to be possessed by the Tenants are left unto them respectively charged with these certain Rents only in lieu of all uncertain Irish exactions In like manner upon all grants which have passed by virtue of the commission for defective Titles the Commissioners have taken special caution for preservation of the Estates of all particular Tenants No gran● of Irish Captainships o● S●nescha●ships since ●i● Majesty Reign And as for Grants of Captainships or Seneschalships in the Irish Countries albeit this Deputy had as much power and authority to grant the same as any other Governors had before him and might have raised as much profit by bestowing the same if he had respected his private more than the public good yet hath he been so far from passing any such in all his time as he hath endeavoured to resume all the Grants of that kind that have been made by his Predecessors to the end the inferior Subjects of the Realm should make their only and immediate dependency upon the Crown And thus we see how the greatest part of the possessions as well of the Irish as of the English in Leinster Conaght and Munster are settled and secured since his Majesty came to the Crown whereby the hearts of the people are also settled not only to live in peace but raised and encouraged to build to p●ant to give better education to their children and to improve the commodities of their Lands whereby the yearly value thereof is already increased double of that it was within these few years and is like daily to rise higher till it amount to the price of our Land in England LAstly The plantation on of Ulster the possessions of the Irishry in the Province of Ulster though it were the most rude and unreformed part of Ireland and the Seat and Nest of the last great Rebellion are now better disposed and established than any the Lands in the other Provinces which have been past and settled upon Surrenders For as the occasion of the disposing of those Lands did not happen without the special providence and finger of God which did cast out those wicked and ungrateful Traitors who were the only enemies of the reformation of Ireland so the distribution and plantation thereof hath been projected and prosecuted by the special direction and care of the King himself wherein his Majesty hath corrected the errors before spoken of committed by King Henry 2. and K. John in distributing and planting the first conquered Lands For although there were six whole Shires to be disposed His Majesty gave not an entire Country or County to any particular person much less did he grant Jura Regalia or any extraordinary Liberties For the best British undertaker had but a proportion of 3000. Acres for himself with power to create a Manor and hold a Court Baron Albeit many of these undertakers were of as great birth and quality as the best Adventurers in the first conquest Again his Majesty did not utterly exclude the Natives out of this plantation with a purpose to root them ou● as the Irish were excluded out of the first English Colonies but made mixed plantation of British and Irish that they might grow up together in one Nation Only the Irish were in some places transplanted from the Woods and Mountains into the Plains and open countries that being removed like wild fruit-trees they might grow the milder and bear the better and sweeter fruit And this truly is the Masterpiece and most excellent part of the work of Reformation and is worthy indeed of His Majesty's royal pains For when this plantation hath taken root and been fixed and settled but a few years with the favour and blessing of God for the Son of God himself hath said in the Gospel Omnis plantatio quam non plantavit pater meus eradicabitur it will secure the peace of Ireland assure it to the Crown of England for ever and finally make it a civil and a Rich a Mighty and a Flourishing Kingdom I omit to speak of the increase of the Revenue of the Crown both certain and casual which is raised to a double proportion at  above that it was by deriving the public Justice into all parts of the Realm by settling all the possessions of both of the Irish and English by re-establishing the compositions by restoring and resuming the customs by reviving the Tenors in Capite and Knights-service and reducing many other things into charge which by the confusion and negligence of former times became concealed and subtracted from the Crown I forbear likewise to speak of the due and ready bringing in of the Revenue which is brought to pass by the well ordering of the Court of Exchequer and the authority and pains of the Commissioners for Accounts I might also add hereunto the encouragement that hath been given to the Maritime Towns and Cities as well to increase their Trade of Merchandise as to cherish Mechanical Arts and Sciences in that all their Charters have been renewed and their Liberties more enlarged by His Majesty than by any of his Progenitors since the Conquest As likewise the care and course that hath been taken to make Civil Commerce and intercourse between the Subjects newly reform and brought under Obedience by granting Markets and Fairs to be holden in their Countries and by erecting of corporate Towns among them Briefly the clock of the civil Government is now well set and all the wheels thereof do move in Order The strings of this Irish Harp which the Civil Magistrate doth finger are all in tune for I omit to speak of the State Ecclesiastical and make a good Harmony in this Common-weal So as we may well conceive a hope that Ireland which heretofore might properly be called the Land of Ire because the Irascible power was predominant there for the space of 400. years together will from henceforth prove a Land of Peace and Concord And though heretofore it hath been like the lean Cow of Egypt in Pharaohs Dream devouring the fat of England and yet remaining as lean as it was before it will hereafter be as fruitful as the land of Canaan the description whereof in the 8. of Deutronomy doth in every part agree with Ireland being Terra Rivorum aquarumque & fontium in cujus Campis & Montibus erumpunt fluviorum abyssi Terra frumenti & hordei Terra lactis & mellis ubi absque ulla penuria comedes panem tuum & rerum abundantia perfrueris And thus I have discovered and expressed the defects and Errors as well in the managing of the Martial Affairs as of the civil which in former Ages gave impediment to the reducing of all Ireland to the Obedience and Subjection of the Crown of England I have likewise observed what courses have been taken to reform the Defects and Errors in Government and to reduce the People of this Land to obedience since the beginning of the reign of King Edward 3. till the latter end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth And lastly I have declared and set forth How all the said errors have been corrected and the defects supplied under the prosperous Government of His Majesty So as I may positively conclude in the same words which I have used in the Title of this Discourse That until the beginning of His Majesty's Reign Ireland was never entirely subdued and brought under the Obedience of the Crown of England But since the Crown of of this Kingdom with the undoubted right and Title thereof descended upon His Majesty The whole Island from Sea to Sea hath been brought into his Highness peaceable possession and all the Inhabitants in every corner thereof have been absolutely reduced under his immediate subjection In which condition of Subjects they will gladly continue without defection or adhaering to any other Lord or King as long as they may be Protected and justly Governed without Oppression on the one side or impunity on the other For there is no Nation of people under the Sun that doth love equal and indifferent Justice better than the Irish or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof although it be against themselves so as they may have the protection and benefit of the Law when upon just cause they do desire it FINIS